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--- report:dvp [2026/04/17 15:32] – [7.2 Ideation] team4
+++ report:dvp [2026/04/30 13:46] (current) – [7.4.3 Structure] team4
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 ==== 7.2 Ideation ====
-The goal of our project is to design artificial marine habitats that can help endangered fish species and corals thrive again. Climate change and the warming of the oceans are disturbing marine ecosystems and damaging the natural balance of life underwater. Because of this, many species are losing safe places to live, hide, feed, and grow. Our design is therefore focused on supporting nature itself, especially fish, corals, and other marine organisms.
+The goal of this project is to design artificial marine habitats that can help endangered fish species and corals thrive again. Climate change and the warming of the oceans are disturbing marine ecosystems and damaging the natural balance of life underwater. Because of this, many species are losing safe places to live, hide, feed, and grow. The design is therefore focused on supporting nature itself, especially fish, corals, and other marine organisms.
-From the beginning, we knew that the structure had to meet several important requirements. It had to be modular, so that different units could be combined and adapted depending on the location and the needs of the ecosystem. It also had to be made from a material that would not harm the marine environment. Since corals need to grow on the structure, the material had to be suitable for marine life and preferably porous. At the same time, the habitat could not be excessively large or heavy, since this would complicate transport and installation. The design therefore had to balance practical deployment with sufficient weight and stability to remain in place and withstand sea currents.
+The structure had to meet several important requirements. It had to be modular, so that different units could be combined and adapted depending on the location and the needs of the ecosystem. It also had to be made from a material that would not harm the marine environment. Since corals need to grow on the structure, the material had to be suitable for marine life and preferably porous. At the same time, the habitat could not be excessively large or heavy, since this would complicate transport and installation. The design therefore had to balance practical deployment with sufficient weight and stability to remain in place and withstand sea currents.
-To develop our concept, we started with brainstorming sessions and research into similar existing projects. We looked at different types of artificial reefs and marine restoration systems, and we also studied which materials could safely be used in the sea. During this ideation phase, we created around six to seven different structural concepts. While the overall shapes of these concepts were quite similar, the main differences were in the materials and possible additional features such as sensors.
+To develop the concept, the team started with brainstorming sessions and research into similar existing projects. Different types of artificial reefs and marine restoration systems were researched, and also which materials could safely be used in the sea were studied. During this ideation phase, the creation of around six to seven different structural concepts was crucial. While the overall shapes of these concepts were quite similar, the main differences were in the materials and possible additional features such as sensors.
-We explored several material options, including basalt fabric-reinforced structures, polymer-clay, bacterial HSC, ECOncrete, recycled glass, and Biorock. Each material had its own advantages and disadvantages. Some were more expensive, while others were less suitable for coral growth or did not provide the level of porosity needed by marine organisms. Since fish and corals benefit from rough and porous surfaces, this became an important factor in our decision-making process.
+It was explored several material options, including basalt fabric-reinforced structures, polymer-clay, bacterial HSC, ECOncrete, recycled glass, and Biorock. Each material had its own advantages and disadvantages. Some were more expensive, while others were less suitable for coral growth or did not provide the level of porosity needed by marine organisms. Since fish and corals benefit from rough and porous surfaces, this became an important factor in the decision-making process.
-After comparing the different options, we selected basalt fabric-reinforced concrete as the most suitable material for our design. This material offered a strong balance between cost, weight, stability, and ecological suitability. It is not overly expensive, heavy enough to remain stable underwater, and easy to shape into modular forms. In addition, its porous surface makes it a good choice for encouraging coral growth and creating shelter for fish. For these reasons, basalt fabric was chosen as the best material for our final concept.
+After comparing the different options, basalt fabric-reinforced concrete was selected as the most suitable material for the project design. This material offered a strong balance between cost, weight, stability, and ecological suitability. It is not overly expensive, heavy enough to remain stable underwater, and easy to shape into modular forms. In addition, its porous surface makes it a good choice for encouraging coral growth and creating shelter for fish. The material can be formed by first making a mould in the desired shape and then placing the basalt fabric or mesh inside it. Depending on the required strength, the fabric can be arranged in one or several layers. Fine concrete or mortar is then poured, sprayed, or pressed around the reinforcement. After curing, the concrete becomes rigid while the basalt fabric remains embedded inside as reinforcement. For these reasons, basalt fabric-reinforced concrete was chosen as the best material for the final concept.
 ==== 7.3 Concept ====
+The final concept selected for MARIS HABITATS is a modular artificial marine habitat built from one repeated cone-shaped element. These modules can be connected side by side and stacked vertically, allowing the habitat to be expanded according to site conditions and ecological requirements. By using one repeated part, the system remains simple, scalable, and easy to reproduce, while still allowing a wide variety of structural arrangements.
+The concept was selected because it provides a strong balance between ecological function and practical feasibility. Different configurations of the same module can create both smaller and larger shelter spaces, making the habitat suitable for a wide range of marine species. This adaptability is one of the main strengths of the concept, since different deployment sites may require different structural densities and sizes.
+Another important aspect of the concept is the material choice. The habitat is intended to be made from basalt fabric-reinforced concrete, which combines structural weight and durability with a rough and porous surface suitable for marine colonisation. This surface can support the attachment and growth of algae, corals, and other marine organisms, while the weight of the material helps the structure remain stable under underwater currents.
+Compared to other design directions explored during the project, this concept proved to be the most suitable. Earlier ideas such as spherical, hexagonal, and dome-based structures were less effective because they were either not modular enough or too difficult to manufacture and combine efficiently. For this reason, the cone-based modular concept was defined as the final structural direction of the project.
+<WRAP centeralign>
+<figure fig:modular_structure>
+{{ :report:schermafbeelding_2026-04-21_175236.png?600 |}}
+<caption>Selected modular unit forming the basis of the final habitat structure.</caption>
+</figure>
+</WRAP>
 ==== 7.4 Design ====
 === 7.4.1 Introduction ===
-This section presents the development of the artificial marine habitat concept. The aim was to design a structure that is both ecologically suitable for marine life and technically feasible to produce and deploy underwater. Throughout the design process, attention was given to stability, modularity, material choice, and the ability of the habitat to support a wide variety of species.
+This section presents how the selected concept was developed into a feasible structural solution for underwater deployment. The design process focused on translating the general concept into a habitat that is modular, manufacturable, stable, and ecologically suitable for marine colonisation. The following subsections explain the main design decisions and the structural directions explored during the development process.
-The concept was developed through sketches, design variations, and structural ideas that were gradually refined into a more practical and adaptable solution. The following subsections describe the design considerations and the structural concepts explored so far.
 === 7.4.2 Design ===
-The design phase focused on creating a habitat that could function as a safe and supportive environment for marine organisms. Several key requirements were identified from the beginning. The structure must be heavy enough to remain stable underwater, with anchoring to the seabed if necessary. It should also be modular, so that it can be expanded and adapted over time depending on the needs of the site.
+The design phase focused on transforming the selected concept into a structure that could function in an underwater environment while remaining feasible to produce and deploy. From the beginning, the most important design requirement was modularity. The habitat had to be based on one repeatable element that could be combined in multiple ways without becoming too complex to manufacture or assemble. This requirement guided the entire design process and strongly influenced the selection of the final form.
-Another important design aspect is the material. The habitat should be made from a material that allows algae and other marine organisms to attach and grow easily. For this reason, a rough surface is important. In addition, the design should include openings of different sizes, together with indentations and protrusions, so that both small and large species can find shelter. Height is also an important factor, as it helps create a more natural, cliff-like underwater environment.
+Several structural directions were explored during this phase, including spherical, hexagonal, and dome-like concepts. Although these ideas offered interesting spatial qualities, they were gradually rejected because they did not satisfy the design goals strongly enough. Some concepts were too difficult to produce in a simple and repeatable way, while others did not provide the level of modularity needed to expand the habitat efficiently. In contrast, the cone-based element provided a clearer and more practical solution. Because the same unit can be repeated throughout the structure, the habitat can grow both horizontally and vertically while maintaining a simple and consistent construction logic.
-During this stage, the work included initial structural drafts, material selection, detailed drawings, a 3D model with load and stress analysis, and a colour palette. These elements helped guide the development of the habitat concept into a more realistic and applicable design.
+The chosen design also supports ecological performance. By connecting and stacking the modules in different arrangements, the habitat can generate openings and sheltered spaces of different sizes. This is important because smaller and larger marine organisms require different types of refuge. The repeated units also create a more complex three-dimensional environment, which improves habitat quality and increases the suitability of the structure for fish, algae, corals, and other marine species.
-=== 7.4.3 Structure ===
-(//i//) initial structural drafts;
-(//ii//) material selection;
-(//iii//) detailed drawings;
-(//iv//) 3D model with load and stress analysis;
-(//v//) colour palette.
+Material selection was another important part of the design phase. The final design is based on basalt fabric-reinforced concrete, chosen for its combination of strength, weight, and ecological suitability. The material is heavy enough to improve stability under underwater currents, while its rough and porous surface can encourage biological growth over time. In this way, the design responds not only to structural and manufacturing requirements, but also to the biological purpose of the habitat.
+Overall, the design phase transformed the initial concept into a clear and buildable solution. Instead of developing a complex habitat composed of many different parts, the design process focused on a single repeated module capable of generating a wide range of spatial configurations. This decision improved the scalability, manufacturability, and ecological potential of the habitat, and formed the basis for the structural development presented in the following subsection.
+=== 7.4.3 Structure ===
-The structural development of the habitat started with initial sketches and concept ideas. At this stage, attention was given to material selection, detailed drawings, 3D modelling with load and stress analysis, and the overall appearance of the structure. The images shown are illustrative examples of the concept.
+The structural development of the habitat began with a series of exploratory concepts. These early ideas were useful for identifying the design characteristics that were most important for the project, such as modularity, ease of production, structural repetition, and the creation of different shelter sizes. The figures below illustrate the main structural directions considered during this process. Figure {{ref>fig:iglo}} shows an initial idea.
-Several important structural requirements were identified. The habitat must be heavy enough to remain stable underwater and, if needed, be anchored to the seabed. It should also be modular, so it can be expanded over time. The material must support the growth of algae and other marine organisms, which is why a rough surface is important. In addition, the structure should include openings of different sizes, as well as indentations and protrusions, to provide shelter for different species. Height is also important, as it helps mimic a cliff-like environment (see Figure {{ref>fig:iglo}} for illustration).
 <WRAP centeralign>
 <figure fig:iglo>
-{{:report:untitled_artwork.png?600|}}
+{{ :report:untitled_artwork.png?900 |}}
-<caption>Iglo drawing</caption>
+<caption>Early structural concept exploring enclosed shelter geometry.</caption>
 </figure>
 </WRAP>
-Another concept is a hexagonal module supported by six pillars, which lift the structure above the seabed and avoid fully blocking the movement of species living close to it. On top of the pillars lies a hexagonal base with surfaces designed to encourage the growth of marine vegetation and other organisms.
-The edges of the module are serrated so that multiple units can connect securely, like puzzle pieces, without horizontal displacement. This creates a stable and adaptable modular system that can be expanded depending on the site. The design also allows openings of different sizes, providing shelter for both small and large fish species.
+One of the first directions explored was a more enclosed structure, shown in the early sketch above. This concept helped define the importance of shelter, internal space, and protection for marine species. However, although it offered enclosed refuge areas, it was not considered the most suitable direction because it did not provide the same level of modular flexibility as later concepts. As the design process continued, greater importance was given to repeatability and scalability.
 Figure {{ref>fig:module}} illustrates the proposed habitat modular design.
-Figure {{ref>fig:module}} presents the hexagon drawings.
+/* Figure {{ref>fig:module}} presents the hexagon drawings. */
+<WRAP centeralign>
 <figure fig:module>
-<WRAP center>
+| {{ :report:v1.0.jpeg?nolink&600 }} | {{ :report:v1.0_ai.png?nolink&600 }} |
-| {{:report:v1.0.jpeg?nolink&600}} | {{:report:v1.0_ai.png?nolink&600}} |
+<caption>Hexagonal modular concept explored during the structural development (AI generated render).</caption>
+</figure>
 </WRAP>
-<caption>Hexagon drawings</caption>
-</figure>
-Other structural ideas were also considered, although they have not yet been implemented. One idea was to vary the size of the arches formed by the pillars in order to accommodate different species, while some sides could be made into full walls to create more enclosed shelter spaces. Another proposal was to include a larger base element that could serve as both a connection point for the modules and an anchoring system to improve stability against currents and waves.
+A second concept was based on a hexagonal module supported by pillars. This idea introduced a stronger modular logic and allowed several units to be connected into a larger structure. The concept was relevant because it explored how repeated modules could create a more adaptable habitat system. It also supported the study of elevated structures and the possibility of generating openings of different sizes. However, this direction was not selected as the final solution because the cone-based concept provided a simpler repeated form and clearer scalability (see Figure {{ref>fig:pillars}}).
-A first variation of this concept used larger and smaller pillar-based units to create openings of different sizes. These elements could be stacked, fitted into one another, or placed flat on the seabed, making the system flexible and adaptable. (See Figure {{ref>fig:pillars}}).
@@ Line 78: / Line 80: @@
 <figure fig:pillars>
 {{ :report:whatsapp_image_2026-03-18_at_15.13.19.jpeg |}}
-<caption>Pillars</caption>
+<caption>Structural variation exploring different opening sizes and configurations.</caption>
 </figure>
 </WRAP>
-After further research, another structural concept was developed that may be taken forward. This design is modular, allowing the elements to be stacked and connected in different ways depending on the site. As a result, the structure can create both larger and smaller openings and can be extended vertically and horizontally.
+Further structural exploration focused on varying the dimensions and arrangement of the elements in order to create openings suitable for different marine species. This stage was important because it highlighted the ecological value of structural diversity. By studying how repeated parts could generate different internal spaces, the development process produced a clearer understanding of how geometry could influence habitat quality. These studies confirmed that the final design should allow variation in shelter size while still remaining based on one simple repeated part (see Figure {{ref>fig:modular_structure}} and Figure {{ref>fig:structure}}).
-One of the main advantages of this concept is its flexibility. It can cover a large area of the seabed and create a more complex habitat for fish, corals, algae, and other marine organisms. By changing the arrangement of the modules, the structure can provide shelter and living space for both small and large species.
-Another advantage is that the design is relatively easy to manufacture. Its simple modular form makes it suitable for construction in concrete and other possible materials for the final habitat. (See Figure {{ref>fig:modular_structure}} and Figure {{ref>fig:structure}}).
 <WRAP centeralign>
 <figure fig:modular_structure>
 {{ :report:render_modular_part.png?400 |}}
-<caption>modular structure</caption>
+<caption>Selected modular unit forming the basis of the final habitat structure (AI generated).</caption>
 </figure>
 </WRAP>
+After comparing the different structural directions, a concept based on one repeated cone-shaped module was selected. This solution was considered the most appropriate because it combines modularity, manufacturability, and ecological functionality. The same unit can be repeated many times, allowing the structure to expand horizontally and vertically while maintaining a simple construction logic. In addition, the arrangement of these modules creates a more complex habitat geometry with multiple shelter opportunities for marine organisms.
+<WRAP centeralign>
 <figure fig:structure>
-<WRAP center>
+| {{ :report:render_structure.png?nolink&600 }} | {{ :report:underwater_structure.png?nolink&600 }} |
-| {{:report:render_structure.png?nolink&600}} | {{:report:underwater_structure.png?nolink&600}} |
+<caption>Example of the habitat formed by combining multiple modular elements (right picture is AI generated).</caption>
+</figure>
 </WRAP>
-<caption>Entire structure</caption>
+When several modules are combined, the habitat can cover a larger area of the seabed and create a more complex three-dimensional structure. This makes the system adaptable to different sites and allows the scale of the habitat to be adjusted according to the intended application. For this reason, the final structure is not defined by a single fixed form, but by a repeatable modular logic that can be expanded according to ecological and practical needs.
+After defining the final modular structure, a suitable method still had to be developed for inserting the smart box. The development process of this solution is explained below.
+<WRAP centeralign>
+<figure fig:smartblock>
+| {{ :report:foto1.1.png?600 |}} | {{ :report:foto1.2.png?600 |}} |
+<caption>First variation of the smartblock</caption>
 </figure>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP centeralign>
+<figure fig:smartblock_closeup>
+{{ :report:foto1.3.png?600 |}}
+<caption>First variation of the smartblock (closeup)</caption>
+</figure>
+</WRAP>
+This was the first version of the smart block, in which the smart box was attached to the bottom of the modular structure. However, this solution was not aesthetically pleasing, so a new approach was explored in which the smart box could be integrated into the modular structure itself. It was also important to avoid changing the structure too much, since that would require separate moulds for these specific blocks, even though they would be produced in much smaller quantities than the standard blocks.
+<WRAP centeralign>
+<figure fig:smartblock2>
+|{{ :report:foto2.1.png?600 |}} | {{ :report:foto2.3.png?600 |}} |
+<caption>Second variation of the smartblock.</caption>
+</figure>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP centeralign>
+<figure fig:smartblock2.1>
+{{ :report:foto2.2.png?600 |}}
+<caption>Second variation of the smartblock front.</caption>
+</figure>
+</WRAP>
+In the second variation of the smart block, the smart box was much more integrated into the structure. However, this version required many modifications to the standard block. Additional openings also had to be added to ensure that the sensors had sufficient exposure to the surrounding water. This made the solution inefficient and impractical. As a result, another approach was explored, with a stronger focus on modularity so that a completely new mould would not be required.
+<WRAP centeralign>
+<figure fig:smartblock3>
+|{{ :report:foto3.1.png?600 |}}| {{ :report:foto3.2.png?600 |}} |
+<caption>Final variation of the smartblock assembly.</caption>
+</figure>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP centeralign>
+<figure fig:smartblock3.1>
+{{ :report:foto3.3.png?600 |}}
+<caption>Final variation of the smartblock.</caption>
+</figure>
+</WRAP>
+This led to the development of a more modular solution. The structure is made of aluminium and can be installed in any block as needed. It is easy to place and remove, which makes maintenance and replacement more practical. The smart box rests on the two tubes of the structure and is secured with a chain connected to the block in which the structure is installed.
 ==== 7.5 Smart System ====
@@ Line 111: / Line 159: @@
-== Black Box Diagram ==
+== 7.5.1.1 Black Box Diagram ==
-Throughout this project, we explored various approaches to data collection. Initially, Version 1 was developed, while this version enabled continuous data communication, it proved to be highly complex and more prone to potential failures. Based on these findings, Version 2 was selected as the preferred because it prioritises robustness, reduced complexity, and ease of deployment, while accepting compromises regarding limited operational duration and the lack of continuous data communication.
+Throughout this project, various approaches to data collection were explored. Initially, Version 1 was developed, while this version enabled continuous data communication, it proved to be highly complex and more prone to potential failures. Based on these findings, Version 2 was selected as the preferred because it prioritises robustness, reduced complexity, and ease of deployment, while accepting compromises regarding limited operational duration and the lack of continuous data communication.
 == Version 1 (V1) Buoy-Connected System ==
@@ Line 121: / Line 169: @@
   - Sun  (top left corner) is the source of energy. A buoy equipped with solar panels on top will store power in a battery and provide power to the system.
-  - Sea water (bottom right corner) is the growth medium. Four sensors will monitor the water environmental conditions (diamond).
+  - Sea water (bottom left corner) is the growth medium. Four sensors will monitor the water environmental conditions (diamond).
-  - Fish and sea life (bottom left corner) are under observation. Fish and algae will be monitored (presence and size) to determine biodiversity and measure photosyntethic effects and chlorophyll on surfaces.
+  - Fish and sea life (bottom right corner) are under observation. Fish and algae will be monitored (presence and size) to determine biodiversity and measure photosyntethic effects and chlorophyll on surfaces.
-All this data will be reunited and sent to the **On Board Computer (OBC)** while also getting a timestamp by a **Real Time Clock (RCT)**. All this will be powered by the battery through a **Power Management System (PMS)** that received the power from the buoy.
+All this data will be reunited and sent to the On Board Computer (OBC) while also getting a timestamp by a Real Time Clock (RTC). All this will be powered by the battery through a Power Management System (PMS) that received the power from the buoy.
-Both the buoy and the structure will have a positioning module, that will count with a **Inertial Measuring Unit (IMU)**, a **Doppler velocity Log (DVL)** and a **Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver**, to have everything registered about the position of both elements and make sure nothing goes wrong due to external factors such as storms, currents or human factors.
+Both the buoy and the structure will have a positioning module, that will count with an Inertial Measuring Unit (IMU), a Doppler velocity Log (DVL) and a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver, to have everything registered about the position of both elements and make sure nothing goes wrong due to external factors such as storms, currents or human factors.
-From the structure to the buoy, there will be a chain and a cable, for both structural support and data and power connection between the 2 elements. Finally, all the data collected will be sent to a data center, this will be done via the standard **Iridium Satellite Network**.
+From the structure to the buoy, there will be a chain and a cable, for both structural support and data and power connection between the 2 elements. Finally, all the data collected will be sent to a data center, this will be done via the standard Iridium Satellite Network.
 The main output will be a report with all the obtained data.
+<WRAP centeralign>
 <figure fig:blackbox>
-<WRAP center>
+{{ :report:black_box.png?600 }}
-| {{:report:black_box.png?nolink&510,600}} | {{:report:group_4_-_black_box_diagram_v2.jpg?nolink&600}} |
+<caption>Black Box Diagram V1</caption>
+</figure>
 </WRAP>
-<caption>Black Box Diagrams V1, different versions</caption>
-</figure>
@@ Line 157: / Line 201: @@
 From the structure to the buoy, there will be a chain and a cable, for both structural support and data and power connection between the 2 elements. Finally, all the data recollected has to be sent to a data center, this will be done via the standard **Iridium Satellite Network**.
-The output of our Black Box Diagram will be a report with all the obtained data.
+The output of the Black Box Diagram will be a report with all the obtained data.
 */
+== Version 1.5 (V1.5) Buoy-Connected System 1.5  ==
+<WRAP centeralign>
+<figure fig:blackbox>
+{{ :report:group_4_-_black_box_diagram_v2.jpg?nolink&600 }}
+<caption>Black Box Diagram V1.5</caption>
+</figure>
+</WRAP>
 == Version 2 (V2) Smart Block System  ==
@@ Line 166: / Line 221: @@
 In this configuration, the system is based on a “Smart Block” that houses all electronic components, including the power supply, sensors, and data storage, eliminating the need for external infrastructure such as surface buoys, solar panels, or cable connections.
-The system is powered by an internal battery designed for approximately 49 days of operation, after which maintenance is required. Environmental data is collected via sensors that measure pressure (depth), temperature, pH, and conductivity. All collected data is stored locally on an SD card; real-time transmission is not possible. Consequently, data retrieval and system maintenance are performed manually by divers, who replace the battery at regular intervals and collect the stored data. After retrieval, the data is transferred to a research facility for analysis and evaluation, ultimately contributing to environmental monitoring and reporting.
+The entire system is powered by a lithium-ion battery. Environmental data is collected via sensors that measure pressure (depth), temperature, pH, and conductivity. All collected data is stored locally on a Secure Digital memory card (SD card); real-time transmission is not possible. Battery replacement and data retrieval are carried out through a scheduled maintenance procedure involving a diver. The estimated battery lifetime of the system is approximately 340 days, which limits the frequency of required maintenance operations to roughly once per 11 months.
+When battery replacement is necessary, a diver descends to the installation site and retrieves the Smartbox from the seabed. The enclosure must be brought to the surface in order to be opened safely. Battery replacement is performed aboard a boat, where the SD card is also replaced simultaneously to ensure secure and continuous data storage.
+After completion of the maintenance procedure, the Smartbox is redeployed and repositioned at its original location on the seabed. This integrated maintenance strategy allows both power supply and data storage components to be serviced during a single operation. After retrieval, the data is transferred to a research facility for analysis and evaluation, ultimately contributing to environmental monitoring and reporting.
-<WRAP group centeralign>
+<WRAP centeralign>
 <figure fig:blackbox2>
-{{ :report:black_box_3.png}}
+{{ :report:maris_habitat_blackbox_v3.png?1200}}
-<caption>Black Box Diagrams V2</caption>
+<caption>Black Box Diagram V2</caption>
 </figure>
 </WRAP>
@@ Line 179: / Line 236: @@
-== Microcontroller & Battery ==
+=== 7.5.1.2 Electronics ===
-We chose to use the Arduino Uno R4 Minima microcontroller. This version does not include WiFi or Bluetooth, but we would not have any use for those features underwater anyway.
-The battery we used is a 12 V 10 Ah lead-acid battery. Since it is a lead-acid battery, it should not be discharged more than 50 %.
+== Microcontroller & Battery ==
+An Arduino Uno R4 Minima was selected as the microcontroller for the system. This version is simpler than the normal Arduino Uno R4 and does not include built‑in Wi‑Fi or Bluetooth however, wireless communication is unnecessary for this application, as radio‑frequency signals are ineffective underwater.
-Based on the total power consumption of the system and the battery capacity, one charge would last approximately 49 days.
+The system is powered by a 12 V 20 Ah LiFePO₄ battery. To prevent excessive battery degradation and to extend its service life, the battery is not discharged fully. A minimum state of charge of 20 % is enforced, meaning that only 80 % of the nominal battery capacity is used. The battery’s nominal voltage is 12,8 V.
+The total power consumption of the system during active operation is 1,505 W.
-To save energy, measurements are performed only once per hour. The system is designed to be active for only 2 minutes per hour, which should be more than sufficient for the sensor values to stabilize and for the data to be written to the SD card.
+To minimize energy usage, measurements are performed once per hour. The system is designed to remain active for only 1 minute per hour, which is sufficient for sensor stabilization and for writing the collected data to the SD card.
-The total power consumption of the system is 1.505 W.
+Battery capacity: 12,8 V × 20 Ah × 0,8 = 204,8 Wh
-Battery capacity: 12 V × 10 Ah × 0.5 = 60 Wh
+Daily energy consumption (1 min/hour operation): 1,505 W/60 × 24 h = 0,602 Wh/day
-Daily energy consumption (2 min/hour operation): 1.505 W/30 × 24 h = 1.204 Wh
+Number of days: 204,8 Wh / 0,602 Wh/day = 340,199 days
-Number of days: 60 Wh / 1.204 Wh = 49.83 d
+Based on these calculations the system can operate for approximately 340 days on a single battery charge.
 == Sensors ==
@@ Line 200: / Line 258: @@
 Selecting sensors was quite challenging, as most sensors such as pH and conductivity probes are designed for temporary measurements and not for long term submersion. Additionally, the sensors must withstand the high pressure at the seabed, and many are not suitable for seawater. This resulted in expensive sensors, mainly sourced from suppliers in the United States.
-The BarXT sensor measures both pressure and temperature. From the pressure data, the depth can be calculated. An I2C level converter is required to convert the 3.3 V logic signal to 5 V so it can be read by the Arduino.
+The BarXT sensor measures both pressure and temperature. From the pressure data, the depth can be calculated. An Inter-Integrated Circuit (I<sup>2</sup>C) level converter is required to convert the 3,3 V logic signal to 5 V so it can be read by the Arduino.
 The pH sensor is sourced from Atlas Scientific. It is used together with a pH Surveyor, which converts the signal into an analog signal that can be directly read by the Arduino’s analog inputs.
@@ Line 214: / Line 272: @@
 The enclosure is one of the most critical and costly components of the system, as it must withstand high external pressure at the seabed. Suitable enclosures are therefore difficult to source.
-A pressure relief valve is installed to regulate internal pressure. Additionally, condensation is expected to form inside the enclosure due to temperature differences between the internal air and the surrounding environment. To mitigate this, silica gel packets are placed inside the enclosure to absorb moisture.
+Condensation is expected to form inside the enclosure as the air trapped inside is cooled by the surrounding seawater. This temperature difference can lead to moisture accumulation, increasing the risk of corrosion and electrical failures. To mitigate this risk, silica gel desiccant packets are placed inside the enclosure to absorb excess moisture.
 The sensors from Atlas Scientific use ¾" NPT threads, while the enclosure is designed with M10 threads. This requires sealing the existing holes and machining new threaded openings in the enclosure.
@@ Line 220: / Line 278: @@
 However, the sensor from Blue Robotics is equipped with M10 threads, allowing direct installation into the enclosure without modification.
-<table tab:sensors>
+Table {{ref>tab:combinedComponents}} presents a comprehensive overview of all sensors and components included in the system. The electrical schematics are shown in Figure {{ref>fig:schematic2}}.
-<caption>Sensor components</caption>
-|**Sensor**|**Type**|**Power supply (V)**|  **Current (A)**|  **Price (€)**|**Quantity**|**Supplier**|**Link**|**Other/Comment**|
+<table tab:combinedComponents>
-| BarXT | Depth / Pressure / Temp | 2.5 - 5.5 |  0.0015 |  329.19 | 1 | Bluerobotics | [[https://bluerobotics.com/store/sensors-cameras/sensors/barxt-extended-submersion-depth-pressure-sensors/|Link]] |  |
+<caption>Sensor and Electronic Components</caption>
-| I2C Level Converter | Level converter board | 5 |  |  25.65 | 1 | Bluerobotics | [[https://bluerobotics.com/store/comm-control-power/tether-interface/level-converter-r1/|Link]] |  |
-| Surveyor™ Analog pH Sensor / Meter | pH surveyor | 3.3 - 5.5 |  0.003 |  21.52 | 1 | Atlas Scientific | [[https://atlas-scientific.com/embedded-solutions/surveryor-analog-ph-sensor-meter/|Link]] |  |
+^ Item ^ Type ^ Power supply (V) ^ Operating current (A) ^ Output ^ Price ^ Quantity ^ Supplier ^ Link ^ Comment ^
-| Industrial pH Probe – No Temp | pH test probe | 3.3 - 5.5 |  |  531.45 | 1 | Atlas Scientific | [[https://atlas-scientific.com/probes/industrial-gen3-ph-probe-nt/|Link]] |  |
+| BarXT | Depth / Pressure / Temp | 2.5 - 5-5 | 0.0015 |  | 329.19 € | 1 | Bluerobotics | https://bluerobotics.com/store/sensors-cameras/sensors/barxt-extended-submersion-depth-pressure-sensors/ |  |
-| Industrial Conductivity Kit K 1.0 | Conductivity | 9.0 - 36.0 |  0.045 |  595.05 | 1 | Atlas Scientific | [[https://atlas-scientific.com/kits/industrial-conductivity-kit-k-1-0/|Link]] | Calibration certificate |
+| I2C Level Converter | Level converter board | 5 |  |  | 25.65 € | 1 | Bluerobotics | https://bluerobotics.com/store/comm-control-power/tether-interface/level-converter-r1/ |  |
-| **Total** |  |  |  **0.0495** |  **1502.86** |  |  |  |  |
+| Surveyor™ Analog pH Sensor / Meter | Ph surveyor | 3.3 - 5.5 | 0.003 |  | 21.52 € | 1 | Atlas Scientific | https://atlas-scientific.com/embedded-solutions/surveryor-analog-ph-sensor-meter/ |  |
-</table>
+| Industrial pH Probe – No Temp | Ph test probe | 3.3 - 5.5 |  |  | 531.45 € | 1 | Atlas Scientific | https://atlas-scientific.com/probes/industrial-gen3-ph-probe-nt/ |  |
+| Industrial Conductivity Kit K 1.0 | Conductivity | 9.0 - 36.0 | 0.045 |  | 595.05 € | 1 | Atlas Scientific | https://atlas-scientific.com/kits/industrial-conductivity-kit-k-1-0/ | includes calibration certificate |
+| Adafruit 254 | SD - module | 3.3 - 6 | 0.1 |  | 6.45 € | 1 | Mouser | https://pt.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Adafruit/254?qs=GURawfaeGuAkwqCF4BmPzA%3D%3D |  |
+| Arduino ABX00080 | Microcontroller | 6 to 24 | 0.038 | 5V / 3.3V | 16.69 € | 1 | Mouser | https://pt.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Arduino/ABX00080?qs=sGAEpiMZZMuqBwn8WqcFUipNgoezRlc4hyxN6ztJHTQeBAZUij8gNg%3D%3D |  |
+| FDMM004GMC-XE00 | MicroSD - card |  |  |  | 21.88 € | 1 | Farnell | https://pt.farnell.com/en-PT/flexxon/fdmm004gmc-xe00/microsd-card-4gb-mlc-cmrcl-grd/dp/4378808 |  |
+| MC3090082 | Silica gel (moisture absorber) |  |  |  | 42.26 € | 1 | Farnell | https://pt.farnell.com/en-PT/multicomp-pro/mc3090082/silica-gel-25g-65-x-95mm-pk100/dp/2424372 | Pack of 100 |
+| LiFePO4 battery | LiFePO4 battery |  |  | 20Ah 12V | 76.24 € | 1 | Innpo | https://innpo.pt/baterias-recarregaveis-de-litio/bateria-lifepo4-12v-20ah-innpo-baterias-recarregaveis-de-litio.html |  |
+| Watertight Box 5L | Underwater electrical box |  |  |  | 805.66 € | 1 | Bluerobotics | https://bluerobotics.com/store/watertight-enclosures/watertight-boxes/watertight-box-component/?attribute_internal-size=134mm+x+100mm+x+74mm+%281+liter%29%2C+300m+depth |  |
+| WetLink Penetrator Blank | Penetrator blank (M10) |  |  |  | 70.50 € | 15 | Bluerobotics | https://bluerobotics.com/store/cables-connectors/wlp-blank/?attribute_size=M10+Thread | 4.70€ * 11 |
+| MCMF0W4BB2500A50 | 250 ohm resistance |  |  |  | 0.55 € | 1 | Farnell | https://pt.farnell.com/en-PT/multicomp-pro/mcmf0w4bb2500a50/res-250r-0-10-250mw-axial/dp/2396012 |  |
+| Adafruit 2670 | Perfboard / Breadboard |  |  |  | 4.26 € | 1 | Mouser | https://pt.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Adafruit/2670?qs=XAKIUOoRPe7ATe8H6FaFPg%3D%3D | Pack of 10 |
+| M316 SOA2CSS50- | M3 screws for perfboard |  |  |  | 5.55 € | 1 | Farnell | https://pt.farnell.com/en-PT/tr-fastenings/m316-soa2css50/screw-socket-cap-s-s-a2-m3x16/dp/1419946 | Pack of 50 |
+|**Total**  |  |  | **0.1875 A** |  | **2552.90 €** |  |  |  |  |
-<table tab:components>
-<caption>Electrical components</caption>
-|**Product**|**Type**|**Power supply (V)**|  **Current (A)**|**Output**|  **Price (€)**|**Quantity**|**Supplier**|**Link**|**Comment**|
-| Adafruit 254 | SD - module | 3.3-6 |  0.1 |  |  6.45 | 1 | Mouser | [[https://pt.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Adafruit/254?qs=GURawfaeGuAkwqCF4BmPzA%3D%3D|Link]] |  |
-| Arduino ABX00080 | Microcontroller | 6-24 |  0.038 | 5 V / 3.3 V |  16.69 | 1 | Mouser | [[https://pt.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Arduino/ABX00080?qs=sGAEpiMZZMuqBwn8WqcFUipNgoezRlc4hyxN6ztJHTQeBAZUij8gNg%3D%3D|Link]] |  |
-| FDMM004GMC-XE00 | MicroSD - card |  |  |  |  21.88 | 1 | Farnell | [[https://pt.farnell.com/en-PT/flexxon/fdmm004gmc-xe00/microsd-card-4gb-mlc-cmrcl-grd/dp/4378808|Link]] |  |
-| MC3090082 | Silica gel (moisture absorber) |  |  |  |  42.26 | 1 | Farnell | [[https://pt.farnell.com/en-PT/multicomp-pro/mc3090082/silica-gel-25g-65-x-95mm-pk100/dp/2424372|Link]] | Pack of 100 |
-| REC10-12 | Lead-acid battery |  |  | 10 Ah 12 V |  71.32 | 1 | Farnell | [[https://pt.farnell.com/en-PT/yuasa/rec10-12/battery-lead-acid-10ah-12v/dp/1799643|Link]] |  |
-| Watertight Box 5L | Underwater electrical box |  |  |  |  805.66 | 1 | Bluerobotics | [[https://bluerobotics.com/store/watertight-enclosures/watertight-boxes/watertight-box-component/?attribute_internal-size=134mm+x+100mm+x+74mm+%281+liter%29%2C+300m+depth|Link]] |  |
-| Pressure Relief Valve | Pressure Relief Valve (M10) |  |  |  |  27.85 | 1 | Bluerobotics | [[https://bluerobotics.com/store/watertight-enclosures/enclosure-tools-supplies/prv-m10-asm/|Link]] |  |
-| WetLink Penetrator Blank | Penetrator blank (M10) |  |  |  |  28.20 | 6 | Bluerobotics | [[https://bluerobotics.com/store/cables-connectors/wlp-blank/?attribute_size=M10+Thread|Link]] | 4.70 * 6 |
-| MCMF0W4BB2500A50 | 250 Ω resistance |  |  |  |  0.29 | 1 | Farnell | [[https://pt.farnell.com/en-PT/multicomp-pro/mcmf0w4bb2500a50/res-250r-0-10-250mw-axial/dp/239601|Link]]2 |  |
-| Adafruit 2670 | Perfboard / Breadboard |  |  |  |  4.26 | 1 | Mouser | [[https://pt.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Adafruit/2670?qs=XAKIUOoRPe7ATe8H6FaFPg%3D%3D|Link]] | Pack of 10 |
-| M316 SOA2CSS50- | M3 screws for perfboard |  |  |  |  5.55 | 1 | Farnell | [[https://pt.farnell.com/en-PT/tr-fastenings/m316-soa2css50/screw-socket-cap-s-s-a2-m3x16/dp/1419946|Link]] | Pack of 50 |
-| **Total** |  |  |  **0.138** |  |  **1030.41** |  |  |  |  |
 </table>
-<WRAP group centeralign>
+<WRAP centeralign>
 <figure fig:schematic2>
-{{:0:schematic_epsproject-group4_2026-04-12.png?600}}
+{{ :0:schematic_epsproject-group4_2026-04-12.png?1000 }}
 <caption>Electrical schematic overview</caption>
 </figure>
 </WRAP>
-== KEEP GOING ==
-(//ii//) hardware component selection (use tables to compare the different options for each component;
+The use of an imaging system was initially considered to monitor fish growth. However, this approach has been deprioritized, as the primary focus of the project has shifted toward the analysis of quantitative sensor data.
-(//iii//) detailed schematics;
-(//iv//) power budget.
+Sensor-based measurements provide continuous, objective, and scalable insights into environmental conditions, which are more closely aligned with the project’s core objectives.
+The inclusion of a camera system is therefore limited to supporting species identification, specifically to document the presence of fish within the reef environment. In addition, visual documentation of the reef structure will be conducted during annual maintenance operations, during which images of the installation will be captured once per year.
 === 7.5.2 Software ===
@@ Line 273: / Line 332: @@
 ==== 7.6 Prototype ====
-Refer main changes in relation to the designed solution.
+**Refer main changes in relation to the designed solution.**
+The prototype is designed to measure similar parameters to a CTD system, but instead of using a conductivity sensor to estimate salinity, it uses a TDS sensor. This is a significantly cheaper alternative and is sufficient for early-stage testing, where the main goal is to validate the system concept rather than achieve final measurement accuracy. The pH sensor is also excluded from the prototype in order to reduce cost, since it is not essential for testing the basic functionality of the system. Apart from the sensor selection and reduced measurement precision, the prototype follows the same general system design as the final product. For the enclosure, a simple airtight plastic container (e.g. from IKEA) is used as a temporary solution. This significantly reduces costs compared to waterproof enclosures and is sufficient for controlled testing environments. To ensure watertight cable penetrations in the prototype, a silicone‑based sealant will be used. The same sealant may also be applied around the enclosure lid if leakage is detected during testing.
 === Structure ===
@@ Line 279: / Line 344: @@
 === Hardware ===
-Detail and explain any change made in relation to the designed solution.
+**Detail and explain any change made in relation to the designed solution.
-In case there are changes regarding the hardware, present the detailed schematics of the prototype.
+In case there are changes regarding the hardware, present the detailed schematics of the prototype.**
 === Software ===