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report:soa [2026/06/12 16:47] – [2.5.1. Structural Materials] team4report:soa [2026/06/14 23:22] (current) – [2.5.1. Structural Materials] team4
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 This chapter establishes the technical and scientific foundation for the Maris Habitats project by situating it within the broader context of artificial reef design and underwater environmental monitoring. Traditional artificial reefs are usually passive structures that provide physical habitat support, while marine monitoring systems are often treated as separate technical equipment. This chapter establishes the technical and scientific foundation for the Maris Habitats project by situating it within the broader context of artificial reef design and underwater environmental monitoring. Traditional artificial reefs are usually passive structures that provide physical habitat support, while marine monitoring systems are often treated as separate technical equipment.
  
-Maris Habitats aims to connect these two areas by combining modular reef infrastructure with a removable smartlogger. Instead of focusing on real-time data transmission, the system is designed for long-term local data logging. This approach reduces technical complexity and makes the concept more realistic for a low-power underwater system.+Maris Habitats aims to connect these two areas by combining modular reef infrastructure with a removable Smart Module. Instead of focusing on real-time data transmission, the system is designed for long-term local data logging. This approach reduces technical complexity and makes the concept more realistic for a low-power underwater system.
  
-The chapter reviews artificial reef concepts, existing companies, material options, sensor placement challenges, and biological and geographical factors. This background helps justify the project direction: a modular reef block system supported by environmental data collection rather than a fully live underwater IoT platform.+The chapter reviews artificial reef concepts, existing companies, material options, sensor placement challenges, and biological and geographical factors. This background helps justify the project direction: a modular Reef Block system supported by environmental data collection rather than a fully live underwater Internet of Things (IoT) platform.
  
 ==== 2.2 Concepts ==== ==== 2.2 Concepts ====
  
-Artificial marine habitats can be designed in several ways to help restore marine ecosystems and support endangered fish species. One approach is the use of 3D-printed reef corals, which can be made from materials such as ceramic, limestone, or eco-concrete. These materials are durable and suitable for marine environments. Examples of projects using this approach include Reef Design Lab in Australia, which develops 3D-printed reef structures for marine habitat restoration, and SECORE coral restoration projects, which focus on rebuilding damaged coral reefs by supporting coral growth and reef recovery [(ReefDesignLab)], [(SECORE)].+Artificial marine habitats can be designed in several ways to help restore marine ecosystems and support endangered fish species. One approach is the use of 3D-printed reef structures, which can be made from materials such as ceramic, limestone, or eco-concrete.  
 + 
 +These materials are durable and suitable for marine environments. Examples of projects using this approach include Reef Design Lab in Australia, which develops 3D-printed reef structures for marine habitat restoration, and SECORE coral restoration projects, which focus on rebuilding damaged coral reefs by supporting coral growth and reef recovery [(ReefDesignLab)], [(SECORE)].
  
 Figure {{ref>fig:printed_reef_structure}} shows an example of a 3D-printed artificial reef structure. This type of design is relevant to Maris Habitats because it shows how repeated artificial structures can create habitat complexity underwater. Figure {{ref>fig:printed_reef_structure}} shows an example of a 3D-printed artificial reef structure. This type of design is relevant to Maris Habitats because it shows how repeated artificial structures can create habitat complexity underwater.
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 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
-Another commonly used solution is reef balls. These are concrete dome structures with holes that mimic natural reef caves. Because of their simple design they are easy to mass produce and very stable when placed on the seabed. The holes and cavities provide immediate shelter for fish and other marine animals, allowing the structures to quickly function as protective habitats [(Eternal Reef)], [(Reef Innovations)].+Another commonly used solution is reef balls. These are concrete dome structures with holes that mimic natural reef caves. Because of their simple design, they are easy to mass-produce and very stable when placed on the seabed.  
 + 
 +The holes and cavities provide immediate shelter for fish and other marine animals, allowing the structures to quickly function as protective habitats [(Eternal Reef)], [(Reef Innovations)].
  
 Figure {{ref>fig:reef_ball_structure}} presents an example of a reef ball structure. The holes in the concrete dome show how a simple shape can still provide sheltered spaces for marine life. Figure {{ref>fig:reef_ball_structure}} presents an example of a reef ball structure. The holes in the concrete dome show how a simple shape can still provide sheltered spaces for marine life.
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 Another concept is the development of living seawalls. These are harbor walls or seawalls designed with textured panels and cavities so that marine organisms can attach to them and live on them. Instead of smooth concrete surfaces that support little life, these modified structures create habitats for algae, small invertebrates, and fish [(Living seawalls)]. Another concept is the development of living seawalls. These are harbor walls or seawalls designed with textured panels and cavities so that marine organisms can attach to them and live on them. Instead of smooth concrete surfaces that support little life, these modified structures create habitats for algae, small invertebrates, and fish [(Living seawalls)].
  
-Figure {{ref>fig:living_seawalls_panels}} shows different living seawall panel designs. The image is useful because it shows how surface texture, cavities, rockpools, and swim-through spaces can be added to hard coastal structures to support marine life.+Figure {{ref>fig:living_seawalls_panels}}shows different living seawall panel designs. The image is useful because it shows how surface texture, cavities, rock pools, and swim-through spaces can be added to hard coastal structures to support marine life.
  
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 **Reef Design Lab** **Reef Design Lab**
  
-Reef Design Lab is an Australian design and fabrication company that develops artificial reef and marine habitat solutions. The company describes its work as the design, prototyping, and manufacturing of coastal solutions, with a focus on improving ecological performance in artificial reefs and coastal habitat infrastructure [(REEFDESIGNLAB2026)].+Reef Design Lab is an Australian design and fabrication company that develops artificial reef and marine habitat solutions. The company describes its work as the design, prototyping, and manufacturing of coastal solutions, with a focus on improving ecological performance in artificial reefs and coastal habitat infrastructure [(ReefDesignLab)].
  
-One of its well-known systems is MARS, which stands for Modular Artificial Reef Structure. MARS is a ceramic 3D-printed modular system designed to construct reef habitat without the need for heavy-duty equipment. The system can be deployed from small boats and assembled by divers, making it suitable for reef restoration projects in locations where large marine construction equipment may be difficult to use [(MARS2026)].+One of its well-known systems is MARS, which stands for Modular Artificial Reef Structure. MARS is a ceramic 3D-printed modular system designed to construct reef habitat without the need for heavy-duty equipment. The system can be deployed from small boats and assembled by divers, making it suitable for reef restoration projects in locations where large marine construction equipment may be difficult to use [(ReefDesignLabMARS)].
  
 Figure {{ref>fig:ReefDesignLab}} shows Reef Design Lab’s MARS system. The image helps illustrate how a modular reef structure can create habitat complexity while still being based on repeated units. Figure {{ref>fig:ReefDesignLab}} shows Reef Design Lab’s MARS system. The image helps illustrate how a modular reef structure can create habitat complexity while still being based on repeated units.
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 Reef Design Lab is relevant to Maris Habitats because both projects use modular reef structures and focus on creating physical habitat infrastructure in underwater environments. The use of repeated modular units also makes Reef Design Lab a useful benchmark for comparing scalability, deployment, and structural complexity. Reef Design Lab is relevant to Maris Habitats because both projects use modular reef structures and focus on creating physical habitat infrastructure in underwater environments. The use of repeated modular units also makes Reef Design Lab a useful benchmark for comparing scalability, deployment, and structural complexity.
  
-However, Reef Design Lab differs from Maris Habitats in its main focus. Based on the available product descriptions, Reef Design Lab mainly focuses on reef design, 3D-printed structures, and project-based marine habitat solutions. There is no clear indication that a removable Smart Module or long-term local environmental data logging is included as a core product feature. Therefore, Reef Design Lab is useful as a benchmark for modular reef design, while Maris Habitats aims to combine Reef Modules with a removable Smart Module for long-term environmental observation.+However, Reef Design Lab differs from Maris Habitats in its main focus. Based on the available product descriptions, Reef Design Lab mainly focuses on reef design, 3D-printed structures, and project-based marine habitat solutions. There is no clear indication that a removable Smart Module or long-term local environmental data logging is included as a core product feature. Therefore, Reef Design Lab is useful as a benchmark for modular reef design, while Maris Habitats aims to combine Reef Blocks with a removable Smart Module for long-term environmental observation.
  
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 As shown in Figure {{ref>fig:IntelliReefs}}, IntelliReefs uses modular reef units that can be arranged to create complex underwater habitats. These structures are relevant to Maris Habitats because both concepts use modular reef elements and aim to create underwater infrastructure that can interact with the surrounding marine environment. As shown in Figure {{ref>fig:IntelliReefs}}, IntelliReefs uses modular reef units that can be arranged to create complex underwater habitats. These structures are relevant to Maris Habitats because both concepts use modular reef elements and aim to create underwater infrastructure that can interact with the surrounding marine environment.
  
-However, IntelliReefs differs from Maris Habitats in its main focus. Based on the available information, IntelliReefs mainly focuses on Oceanite-based artificial reef structures and marine restoration solutions. There is no clear indication that a removable Smart Module or long-term local environmental data logging is included as a core product feature. Therefore, IntelliReefs is a useful benchmark for alternative reef materials and ecological reef design, while Maris Habitats aims to combine Reef Modules with a removable Smart Module for long-term environmental observation. +However, IntelliReefs differs from Maris Habitats in its main focus. Based on the available information, IntelliReefs mainly focuses on Oceanite-based artificial reef structures and marine restoration solutions. There is no clear indication that a removable Smart Module or long-term local environmental data logging is included as a core product feature. Therefore, IntelliReefs is a useful benchmark for alternative reef materials and ecological reef design, while Maris Habitats aims to combine Reef Blocks with a removable Smart Module for long-term environmental observation.
  
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 rrreefs is relevant to Maris Habitats because both concepts use modular reef structures and aim to create underwater infrastructure that can interact with the surrounding marine environment. The company is also relevant as a business benchmark because it operates as an impact-driven reef restoration start-up and works with local partners to implement reef projects in different countries. rrreefs is relevant to Maris Habitats because both concepts use modular reef structures and aim to create underwater infrastructure that can interact with the surrounding marine environment. The company is also relevant as a business benchmark because it operates as an impact-driven reef restoration start-up and works with local partners to implement reef projects in different countries.
  
-However, rrreefs differs from Maris Habitats in its main focus. rrreefs mainly focuses on coral reef regeneration through 3D-printed clay reef modules and local restoration partnerships. Based on the available product descriptions, there is no clear indication that a removable Smart Module or long-term local environmental data logging is included as a core product feature. Therefore, rrreefs is a useful benchmark for modular reef design and reef restoration business models, while Maris Habitats aims to combine Reef Modules with a removable Smart Module for long-term environmental observation.+However, rrreefs differs from Maris Habitats in its main focus. rrreefs mainly focuses on coral reef regeneration through 3D-printed clay reef modules and local restoration partnerships. Based on the available product descriptions, there is no clear indication that a removable Smart Module or long-term local environmental data logging is included as a core product feature. Therefore, rrreefs is a useful benchmark for modular reef design and reef restoration business models, while Maris Habitats aims to combine Reef Blocks with a removable Smart Module for long-term environmental observation.
  
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 Since Maris Habitats is designed to observe how an artificial reef and the surrounding marine conditions change over time, the comparison looks beyond ecological enhancement. It also considers whether each solution can collect, store, and retrieve environmental data for later analysis. Since Maris Habitats is designed to observe how an artificial reef and the surrounding marine conditions change over time, the comparison looks beyond ecological enhancement. It also considers whether each solution can collect, store, and retrieve environmental data for later analysis.
 +
  
 <table tab:comparison> <table tab:comparison>
 <caption> Comparative overview of selected artificial reef and marine infrastructure companies and the proposed Maris Habitats system </caption> <caption> Comparative overview of selected artificial reef and marine infrastructure companies and the proposed Maris Habitats system </caption>
- 
 ^ Criteria ^ ECOncrete ^ Reef Design Lab ^ IntelliReefs ^ rrreefs ^ Maris Habitats ^ ^ Criteria ^ ECOncrete ^ Reef Design Lab ^ IntelliReefs ^ rrreefs ^ Maris Habitats ^
 | Main business focus | Bio-enhancing concrete for marine and coastal infrastructure | Designed and 3D-printed reef structures | Oceanite-based artificial reef restoration | 3D-printed modular clay reef restoration | Modular reef infrastructure and environmental data | | Main business focus | Bio-enhancing concrete for marine and coastal infrastructure | Designed and 3D-printed reef structures | Oceanite-based artificial reef restoration | 3D-printed modular clay reef restoration | Modular reef infrastructure and environmental data |
-| Product type | Eco-engineered concrete infrastructure units | Modular reef modules and design services | Artificial reef modules made with Oceanite marine substrate | Interlocking 3D-printed clay reef modules | Reef Modules with an optional removable Smart Module |+| Product type | Eco-engineered concrete infrastructure units | Modular reef modules and design services | Artificial reef modules made with Oceanite marine substrate | Interlocking 3D-printed clay reef modules | Reef Blocks with an optional removable Smart Module |
 | Main application | Ports, seawalls, shoreline protection, offshore assets, and subsea cable protection | Reef restoration and marine habitat construction | Coral reef restoration and marine habitat support | Coral reef regeneration and habitat creation | Reef installation, environmental monitoring, and long-term site observation | | Main application | Ports, seawalls, shoreline protection, offshore assets, and subsea cable protection | Reef restoration and marine habitat construction | Coral reef restoration and marine habitat support | Coral reef regeneration and habitat creation | Reef installation, environmental monitoring, and long-term site observation |
 | Modularity | Moderate | High | High | High | High | | Modularity | Moderate | High | High | High | High |
 | Ecological design focus | High | High | High | High | Moderate to high | | Ecological design focus | High | High | High | High | Moderate to high |
-| Material / design approach | Bio-enhancing concrete composition, surface texture, and macro-design | Ceramic 3D-printed modular reef structures | Oceanite bio-enhancing marine substrate | 3D-printed clay modules inspired by natural reef structures | Basalt fiber-reinforced Reef Modules and a removable Smart Module | +| Material / design approach | Bio-enhancing concrete composition, surface texture, and macro-design | Ceramic 3D-printed modular reef structures | Oceanite bio-enhancing marine substrate | 3D-printed clay modules inspired by natural reef structures | Basalt fiber-reinforced Reef Blocks and a removable Smart Module | 
-| Integrated sensors | No clear indication as a core product feature | No clear indication | No clear indication | No clear indication | Yes |+| Integrated sensors | No clear indication as a core product feature | No clear indication | No clear indication | No clear indication | Yes, inside the Smartlogger |
 | Real-time data transmission | No clear indication | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | No | | Real-time data transmission | No clear indication | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | No |
 | Long-term local data logging | No clear indication as a core product feature | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Yes | | Long-term local data logging | No clear indication as a core product feature | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Yes |
-| Data retrieval method | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | SD card / scheduled annual retrieval | +| Data retrieval method | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | SD card / scheduled annual Smartlogger retrieval | 
-| Service model | Project-based marine infrastructure solution | Design and project-based reef solution | Restoration project-based solution | Impact-driven reef restoration projects with local partners | Reef Modules with optional Smart Modules and data service |+| Service model | Project-based marine infrastructure solution | Design and project-based reef solution | Restoration project-based solution | Impact-driven reef restoration projects with local partners | Reef Blocks with optional Smart Modules and data service |
 | Main differentiation | Ecological concrete material and infrastructure integration | Complex modular reef design | Alternative Oceanite-based reef material | 3D-printed clay reef modules and local restoration partnerships | Removable Smart Module and long-term environmental data | | Main differentiation | Ecological concrete material and infrastructure integration | Complex modular reef design | Alternative Oceanite-based reef material | 3D-printed clay reef modules and local restoration partnerships | Removable Smart Module and long-term environmental data |
- +</table>
-</table>  +
  
 The comparison presented in Table {{ref>tab:comparison}} is based on publicly available information from company websites, project descriptions, and related documentation. The selected companies represent different approaches to artificial reef and marine infrastructure development. ECOncrete focuses on bio-enhancing concrete for marine and coastal infrastructure [(ECOncrete)]. The comparison presented in Table {{ref>tab:comparison}} is based on publicly available information from company websites, project descriptions, and related documentation. The selected companies represent different approaches to artificial reef and marine infrastructure development. ECOncrete focuses on bio-enhancing concrete for marine and coastal infrastructure [(ECOncrete)].
 Reef Design Lab focuses on designed and 3D-printed reef structures for artificial reefs and coastal habitat infrastructure [(ReefDesignLab)]. IntelliReefs uses Oceanite-based artificial reef structures for reef restoration and marine habitat support [(IntelliReefs)]. rrreefs develops interlocking 3D-printed clay modules for coral reef regeneration [(rrreefs)]. Reef Design Lab focuses on designed and 3D-printed reef structures for artificial reefs and coastal habitat infrastructure [(ReefDesignLab)]. IntelliReefs uses Oceanite-based artificial reef structures for reef restoration and marine habitat support [(IntelliReefs)]. rrreefs develops interlocking 3D-printed clay modules for coral reef regeneration [(rrreefs)].
  
-Compared with these companies, Maris Habitats is positioned as a modular reef infrastructure and environmental data solution. The project does not focus only on ecological design or reef structure, but also on collecting environmental data around the reef over time. +Compared with these companies, Maris Habitats is positioned as a modular reef infrastructure and environmental data solution. The project does not focus only on ecological design or reef structure, but also on collecting environmental data around the reef over time.
  
 The main difference is the removable Smart Module, which includes the Smartlogger and the Smartlogger attachment. The Smartlogger stores data locally and allows scheduled retrieval during maintenance. The main difference is the removable Smart Module, which includes the Smartlogger and the Smartlogger attachment. The Smartlogger stores data locally and allows scheduled retrieval during maintenance.
- 
 ==== 2.5 Materials ==== ==== 2.5 Materials ====
  
-For this project involving a marine habitat at a maximum depth of 50 m off the Portuguese coast, the materials must withstand a pressure of approximately 5 bar while fostering biological growth and protecting the Smartlogger and its internal monitoring components. To ensure the highest level of efficiency and environmental compatibility, various materials used in international restoration efforts have been analyzed.+For this project involving a marine habitat at a maximum depth of 50 m off the Portuguese coast, the materials must withstand a hydrostatic pressure of approximately 5 bar while supporting biological growth and protecting the Smartlogger and its internal monitoring components. To ensure a high level of efficiency and environmental compatibility, various materials used in international restoration efforts have been analyzed.
  
-The selection of materials and the structural design of artificial habitats are fundamental to ensuring both environmental compatibility and long-term viability. For this project, concrete has been identified as the primary material due to its exceptional durability and its proven track record in underwater construction. Its capacity to provide structural integrity against significant environmental stressors—such as salinity, strong currents, and wave action—makes it the industry standard for creating resilient marine foundations. While the chemical properties of concrete, particularly its initial pH levels, have historically been a point of debate, recent research has shifted the focus toward a more nuanced understanding of its behavior in open marine environments [(Knoester2024)].+The selection of materials and the structural design of artificial habitats are fundamental to ensuring both environmental compatibility and long-term viability. For this project, concrete has been identified as the primary material due to its durability and proven use in underwater construction. Its capacity to provide structural integrity against significant environmental stressors, such as salinity, strong currents, and wave action, makes it a common material for creating resilient marine foundations. While the chemical properties of concrete, particularly its initial pH levels, have historically been a point of debate, recent research has shifted the focus toward a more nuanced understanding of its behavior in open marine environments [(Knoester2024)].
  
-Studies indicate that the high alkalinity of newly submerged concrete (typically between 12–14) is rapidly diluted by seawater, resulting in no significant long-term detriment to coral growth or benthic colonization [(Knoester2024)]. This suggests that ecological success depends less on extended curing periods or pH-neutral mixtures and more on the physical attributes of the habitat. Consequently, the following sections will detail how this project prioritizes structural complexity, substrate durability, and hydrodynamic stability [(NewHeaven2018)]. By optimizing the weight-to-complexity ratio and ensuring low water absorption, it can be guaranteed that these structures remain stationary during extreme weather events while providing the necessary niches for biodiversity to thrive [(Knoester2024)].+Studies indicate that the high alkalinity of newly submerged concrete, typically between 12–14, is rapidly diluted by seawater, resulting in no significant long-term detriment to coral growth or benthic colonization [(Knoester2024)]. This suggests that ecological success depends less on extended curing periods or pH-neutral mixtures and more on the physical attributes of the habitat. Consequently, the following sections will detail how this project prioritizes structural complexity, substrate durability, and hydrodynamic stability [(NewHeaven2018)]. By optimizing the weight-to-complexity ratio and ensuring low water absorption, the design can help ensure that these structures remain stationary during extreme weather events while providing the necessary niches for biodiversity to thrive [(Knoester2024)].
  
 Based on the research and articles reviewed, the following subsection evaluates different material options, ranging from traditional foundations to innovative biocompatible substrates, in order to select the most suitable materials for this specific implementation. Based on the research and articles reviewed, the following subsection evaluates different material options, ranging from traditional foundations to innovative biocompatible substrates, in order to select the most suitable materials for this specific implementation.
 +
 +
 === 2.5.1. Structural Materials === === 2.5.1. Structural Materials ===
  
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 This material incorporates bacterial spores, specifically *Bacillus sphaericus* (strain ATCC 14577), which remain dormant until a crack occurs. Water ingress activates the bacteria, which then precipitate calcium carbonate to seal the crack [(ALYAARI2026)]. This material incorporates bacterial spores, specifically *Bacillus sphaericus* (strain ATCC 14577), which remain dormant until a crack occurs. Water ingress activates the bacteria, which then precipitate calcium carbonate to seal the crack [(ALYAARI2026)].
-  * Pros: Achieves **96 % recovery in water tightness** within 56 days of seawater immersion [(ALYAARI2026)]. It maintains structural integrity above **100 MPa**, which is more than sufficient for the pressure at 50 m. It significantly reduces rebar corrosion by sealing entry points for chloride ions [(PRAJEESHA2026)]. + 
-  * Cons: Higher complexity in mixing and requires specific nutrients like calcium lactate and urea [(ALYAARI2026)]. +* Pros: Achieves **96 % recovery in water tightness** within 56 days of seawater immersion [(ALYAARI2026)]. It maintains structural integrity above **100 MPa**, which is well above the hydrostatic pressure expected at 50 m. It significantly reduces rebar corrosion by sealing entry points for chloride ions [(PRAJEESHA2026)]. 
-  * Price: Estimated at **180 €/m<sup>3</sup> – 260 €/m<sup>3</sup>**.+* Cons: Higher complexity in mixing and requires specific nutrients like calcium lactate and urea [(ALYAARI2026)]. 
 +* Price: Estimated at **180 €/m<sup>3</sup> – 260 €/m<sup>3</sup>**.
  
 **B. Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (BFRP)** **B. Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (BFRP)**
  
 Basalt fibers, derived from natural volcanic rock, are used to reinforce concrete or as standalone composite laminates [(BasaltFiberMarine2025)]. Basalt fibers, derived from natural volcanic rock, are used to reinforce concrete or as standalone composite laminates [(BasaltFiberMarine2025)].
-  * Pros: **Naturally non-corrosive** and chemically stable in aggressive saline environments [(BasaltFiberMarine2025)]. Vacuum infusion manufacturing can produce laminates with flexural strength up to **400 MPa** [(BasaltFiberMarine2025)]. It provides a more resilient, damage-tolerant failure mode compared to the brittle collapse of traditional reinforced concrete [(BasaltFiberMarine2025)]. + 
-  * Cons: Slightly lower peak flexural strength compared to glass fibers, although superior in long-term durability and environmental footprint [(BasaltFiberMarine2025)]. +* Pros: **Naturally non-corrosive** and chemically stable in aggressive saline environments [(BasaltFiberMarine2025)]. Vacuum infusion manufacturing can produce laminates with flexural strength up to **400 MPa** [(BasaltFiberMarine2025)]. It provides a more resilient, damage-tolerant failure mode compared to the brittle collapse of traditional reinforced concrete [(BasaltFiberMarine2025)]. 
-  * Price: Estimated at **160 €/m<sup>3</sup> – 220 €/m<sup>3</sup>** .+* Cons: Slightly lower peak flexural strength compared to glass fibers, although superior in long-term durability and environmental footprint [(BasaltFiberMarine2025)]. 
 +* Price: Estimated at **160 €/m<sup>3</sup> – 220 €/m<sup>3</sup>**.
  
 **C. Geopolymer Gel Concrete** **C. Geopolymer Gel Concrete**
  
 A cement-free binder using materials like fly ash and metakaolin modified with nano-silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>) [(LAI2026)]. A cement-free binder using materials like fly ash and metakaolin modified with nano-silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>) [(LAI2026)].
-  * Pros: Significantly **lower CO<sub>2</sub> footprint** than Portland cement [(LAI2026)]. It shows superior resistance to chloride and sulfate attack in "wet-thermal" marine environments [(LAI2026)]. + 
-  * Cons: Higher production costs currently limit wide adoption [(LAI2026)]. +* Pros: Significantly **lower CO<sub>2</sub> footprint** than Portland cement [(LAI2026)]. It shows superior resistance to chloride and sulfate attack in "wet-thermal" marine environments [(LAI2026)]. 
-  * Price: Estimated at **150 €/m<sup>3</sup> – 200 €/m<sup>3</sup>**.+* Cons: Higher production costs currently limit wide adoption [(LAI2026)]. 
 +* Price: Estimated at **150 €/m<sup>3</sup> – 200 €/m<sup>3</sup>**.
  
 **D. ECOncrete® / Sulfoaluminate Cement (SAC)** **D. ECOncrete® / Sulfoaluminate Cement (SAC)**
  
 A proprietary concrete mix designed to reduce surface alkalinity to a neutral pH [(SELLA2015)]. A proprietary concrete mix designed to reduce surface alkalinity to a neutral pH [(SELLA2015)].
-  * Pros: Surface **pH of 9–10** (closer to seawater's 8) promotes the settlement of "ecosystem engineers" like oysters, serpulid worms, and coralline algae. These organisms provide **bioprotection**, adding a calcified layer that strengthens the structure and limits oxygen/chloride penetration [(SELLA2015)]. + 
-  * Cons: Requires specialized design to ensure the lower pH doesn't compromise the protection of internal steel if used. +* Pros: Surface **pH of 9–10** (closer to seawater pH of around 8) promotes the settlement of "ecosystem engineers" like oysters, serpulid worms, and coralline algae. These organisms provide **bioprotection**, adding a calcified layer that strengthens the structure and limits oxygen/chloride penetration [(SELLA2015)]. 
-  * Price: Estimated at **140 €/m<sup>3</sup> – 180 €/m<sup>3</sup>**.+* Cons: Requires specialized design to ensure the lower pH does not compromise the protection of internal steel if used. 
 +* Price: Estimated at **140 €/m<sup>3</sup> – 180 €/m<sup>3</sup>**.
  
 **E. Recycled Glass (Partial Aggregate Replacement)** **E. Recycled Glass (Partial Aggregate Replacement)**
  
 Crushed waste glass used to replace up to 30 % of fine aggregates in the concrete mix [(DAAROL2026)]. Crushed waste glass used to replace up to 30 % of fine aggregates in the concrete mix [(DAAROL2026)].
-  * Pros: Improves **chemical resistance** and reduces water absorption [(DAAROL2026)]. It offers an eco-friendly way to utilize waste while maintaining sufficient compressive strength for marine applications [(DAAROL2026)]. 
-  * Cons: Replacing more than 30 % of aggregate leads to a **significant reduction in compressive strength** [(DAAROL2026)]. 
-  * Price: Estimated at **90 €/m<sup>3</sup> – 140 €/m<sup>3</sup>**. 
  
 +* Pros: Improves **chemical resistance** and reduces water absorption [(DAAROL2026)]. It offers an eco-friendly way to utilize waste while maintaining sufficient compressive strength for marine applications [(DAAROL2026)].
 +* Cons: Replacing more than 30 % of aggregate leads to a **significant reduction in compressive strength** [(DAAROL2026)].
 +* Price: Estimated at **90 €/m<sup>3</sup> – 140 €/m<sup>3</sup>**.
  
 **F. Biorock (Mineral Accretion)** **F. Biorock (Mineral Accretion)**
  
 Uses low-voltage DC electricity to precipitate minerals (limestone) directly from seawater onto an iron frame. Uses low-voltage DC electricity to precipitate minerals (limestone) directly from seawater onto an iron frame.
-  * Pros: Accelerates biological growth by **400 %** and allows the structure to **self-repair** after impacts. + 
-  * Cons: Requires **constant power** from a buoy; if the power is interrupted, the iron frame corrodes rapidly. +* Pros: Accelerates biological growth by **400 %** and allows the structure to **self-repair** after impacts [(BioRocks)]. 
-  * Price: Base infrastructure **120 €/m<sup>3</sup> – 160 €/m<sup>3</sup>** (excluding electrical components).+* Cons: Requires **constant power** from a buoy; if the power is interrupted, the iron frame corrodes rapidly. 
 +* Price: Base infrastructure **120 €/m<sup>3</sup> – 160 €/m<sup>3</sup>** (excluding electrical components).
  
  
 == 2.5.1.1 Comparative Table == == 2.5.1.1 Comparative Table ==
  
-The previous subsection regarding the materials evaluated for the project, is summarized in Table {{ref>tab:summary}}.+The materials evaluated in the previous subsection are summarized in Table {{ref>tab:summary}}.
  
 <WRAP> <WRAP>
 <table tab:summary> <table tab:summary>
-<caption> Comparative table for materials evaluated </caption> +<caption>Comparative table for materials evaluated</caption> 
-| **Material** | **Primary Requisite Met** | **Pros** | **Cons** |  **Estimated Price** / **m<sup>3</sup>** | +^ **Material** ^ **Primary Requirement Met** ^ **Pros** ^ **Cons** ^ **Estimated Price / m<sup>3</sup>** ^ 
-| **Bacterial HSC** | Longevity/Pressure | Autonomous repair; 96 % watertight | High complexity |  180–260 € | +| **Bacterial HSC** | Longevity / pressure resistance | Autonomous repair; 96 % watertight | High complexity | 180–260 € | 
-| **Basalt Reinforcement** | Corrosion Resistance | Non-corrosive; volcanic origin | Lower flexural peak |  160–220 € | +| **Basalt Reinforcement** | Corrosion resistance | Non-corrosive; volcanic origin | Lower flexural peak | 160–220 € | 
-| **ECOncrete®** | Marine-life Friendly | Neutral pH; bioprotection | Specific mix needs |  140–180 € | +| **Geopolymer Gel Concrete** | Low carbon and chemical resistance | Lower CO<sub>2</sub>; chloride and sulfate resistance | Higher production cost | 150–200 € | 
-| **Recycled Glass** | Sustainability | Increased chemical resistance | Strength loss > 30 % |  90–140 € | +| **ECOncrete®** | Marine-life friendly | Neutral pH; bioprotection | Specific mix needs | 140–180 € | 
-| **Biorock** | Life Promotion | 4:1 growth; self-repairing  | Power dependent |  120–160 €|+| **Recycled Glass** | Sustainability | Increased chemical resistance | Strength loss above 30 % | 90–140 € | 
 +| **Biorock** | Life promotion | 4:1 growth; self-repairing | Power dependent | 120–160 € |
 </table> </table>
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
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 == 2.5.1.2 Materials for Prototype vs. Final == == 2.5.1.2 Materials for Prototype vs. Final ==
  
-The final Maris Habitats product and the prototype have different material requirements because they have different purposes. The final product is intended for long-term underwater deployment, while the prototype is mainly used to validate the Reef Module shape, assembly process, Smartlogger attachment, and basic structural concept under controlled conditions.+The final Maris Habitats product and the prototype have different material requirements because they have different purposes. The final product is intended for long-term underwater deployment, while the prototype is mainly used to validate the Reef Block shape, assembly process, Smartlogger attachment, and basic structural concept under controlled conditions.
  
-For the final product, basalt fiber-reinforced concrete was selected as the intended material for the Reef Modules. This material was chosen because the final modules must remain stable on the seabed and resist long-term marine exposure, including saltwater, currents, wave action, and material degradation. Basalt fiber-based materials are suitable for marine applications because they offer mechanical performance and resistance to chemical and environmental degradation [(BasaltFiberMarine2025)]. Concrete structures in marine environments must also be designed carefully because seawater exposure, chloride and sulfate attack, corrosion processes, and wave action can cause deterioration over time [(QU2021)].+For the final product, basalt fiber-reinforced concrete was selected as the intended material for the Reef Blocks. This material was chosen because the final Reef Blocks must remain stable on the seabed and resist long-term marine exposure, including saltwater, currents, wave action, and material degradation. Basalt fiber-based materials are suitable for marine applications because they offer mechanical performance and resistance to chemical and environmental degradation [(BasaltFiberMarine2025)]. Concrete structures in marine environments must also be designed carefully because seawater exposure, chloride and sulfate attack, corrosion processes, and wave action can cause deterioration over time [(QU2021)].
  
-For the prototype, the material selection was based on practicality, cost, availability, and ease of production. The prototype does not need to prove full marine durability because it is not intended for real underwater deployment. Instead, it should help the team check whether the Reef Module shape, Smartlogger position, Smartlogger attachment, assembly logic, and general handling are suitable.+For the prototype, the material selection was based on practicality, cost, availability, and ease of production. The prototype does not need to prove full marine durability because it is not intended for real underwater deployment. Instead, it should help the team check whether the Reef Block shape, Smartlogger position, Smartlogger attachment, assembly logic, and general handling are suitable.
  
 During the prototype planning stage, three material options were considered: During the prototype planning stage, three material options were considered:
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 **Option 1: Polymer clay model** **Option 1: Polymer clay model**
  
-Polymer clay was considered during the early design stage because it can be shaped by hand and hardened in an oven. This makes it useful for quick form exploration when the team needs to test different shapes before deciding on the final Reef Module geometry. Polymer clay remains soft until it is baked, and baking is used to cure the material so that the shape becomes hard [(SculpeyBaking)]. It can also be stretched, cut, rolled, molded, stacked, and sculpted before baking, which makes it practical for small visual models and early design tests [(SculpeyOvenBakeClay)].+Polymer clay was considered during the early design stage because it can be shaped by hand and hardened in an oven. This makes it useful for quick form exploration when the team needs to test different shapes before deciding on the final Reef Block geometry. Polymer clay remains soft until it is baked, and baking is used to cure the material so that the shape becomes hard [(SculpeyBaking)]. It can also be stretched, cut, rolled, molded, stacked, and sculpted before baking, which makes it practical for small visual models and early design tests [(SculpeyOvenBakeClay)].
  
-However, polymer clay was not selected as the main prototype material because it is very different from the final concrete-based product. It cannot represent the real weight, concrete surface texture, porosity, or handling of the final Reef Module. It is also limited by oven size and is not suitable for validating structural performance, Smartlogger attachment, seabed stability, or long-term marine durability.+However, polymer clay was not selected as the main prototype material because it is very different from the final concrete-based product. It cannot represent the real weight, concrete surface texture, porosity, or handling of the final Reef Block. It is also limited by oven size and is not suitable for validating structural performance, Smartlogger attachment, seabed stability, or long-term marine durability.
  
 * **Pros:** Easy to shape, easy to modify before baking, low cost, and useful for early form exploration. * **Pros:** Easy to shape, easy to modify before baking, low cost, and useful for early form exploration.
-* **Cons:** Very different from the final concrete-based material, limited by oven size, does not represent real Reef Module weight, texture, porosity, or handling, and is not suitable for technical validation. +* **Cons:** Very different from the final concrete-based material, limited by oven size, does not represent real Reef Block weight, texture, porosity, or handling, and is not suitable for technical validation.
- +
- +
  
 **Option 2: Cement-based prototype cast with a 3D-printed mold** **Option 2: Cement-based prototype cast with a 3D-printed mold**
  
-A cement-based prototype is closer to the final concrete-based product because it can better represent the general appearance, surface texture, weight, and handling of the Reef Module. Concrete is widely used for artificial reef construction and can be used to create complex shapes for marine habitat structures [(ArtificialReefPreparation2026)]. In this approach, PLA filament is used to produce a 3D-printed mold, and cement is poured into the mold and left to cure. Therefore, PLA is not used as the final material of the Reef Module prototype, but as a tooling material for shaping the cement-based model. PLA is suitable for this purpose because it is commonly used for rapid prototyping and can also be used for mold inserts or casting-related applications [(PrusaPLA)][(UltiMakerPLA)].+A cement-based prototype is closer to the final concrete-based product because it can better represent the general appearance, surface texture, weight, and handling of the Reef Block. Concrete is widely used for artificial reef construction and can be used to create complex shapes for marine habitat structures [(ArtificialReefPreparation2026)]. In this approach, PLA filament is used to produce a 3D-printed mold, and cement is poured into the mold and left to cure. Therefore, PLA is not used as the final material of the Reef Block prototype, but as a tooling material for shaping the cement-based model. PLA is suitable for this purpose because it is commonly used for rapid prototyping and can also be used for mold inserts or casting-related applications [(PrusaPLA)], [(UltiMakerPLA)].
  
-This option allows the team to combine the geometric accuracy of 3D printing with the more realistic material behavior of a cement-based prototype. It is also low-cost and possible to produce locally. However, the prototype is not intended for real underwater deployment, and normal cement does not fully represent the final basalt fiber-reinforced concrete. Therefore, this option can be used to check the general shape, handling, assembly, and Smartlogger attachment, but it cannot prove long-term durability or full structural performance in marine conditions. For the final product, basalt fiber-reinforced concrete would still be required because it is more suitable for long-term marine exposure and resistance to chemical and environmental degradation [(BasaltFiberMarine2025)][(QU2021)].+This option allows the team to combine the geometric accuracy of 3D printing with the more realistic material behavior of a cement-based prototype. It is also low-cost and possible to produce locally. However, the prototype is not intended for real underwater deployment, and normal cement does not fully represent the final basalt fiber-reinforced concrete. Therefore, this option can be used to check the general shape, handling, assembly, and Smartlogger attachment, but it cannot prove long-term durability or full structural performance in marine conditions. For the final product, basalt fiber-reinforced concrete would still be required because it is more suitable for long-term marine exposure and resistance to chemical and environmental degradation [(BasaltFiberMarine2025)], [(QU2021)].
  
 * **Pros:** Similar appearance to the final material, more realistic weight and texture, accurate geometry from the 3D-printed mold, low cost, and suitable for checking general shape, handling, assembly, and Smartlogger attachment. * **Pros:** Similar appearance to the final material, more realistic weight and texture, accurate geometry from the 3D-printed mold, low cost, and suitable for checking general shape, handling, assembly, and Smartlogger attachment.
 * **Cons:** Does not fully represent basalt fiber-reinforced concrete, harder to modify after casting, requires curing time, and is not suitable for proving long-term marine durability because the prototype is only intended for controlled testing. * **Cons:** Does not fully represent basalt fiber-reinforced concrete, harder to modify after casting, requires curing time, and is not suitable for proving long-term marine durability because the prototype is only intended for controlled testing.
- 
- 
  
 **Option 3: Fully 3D-printed scale model or 3D-printed details** **Option 3: Fully 3D-printed scale model or 3D-printed details**
  
-A fully 3D-printed model can represent the geometry of the Reef Module, Smartlogger, and Smartlogger attachment accurately. 3D printing is useful for rapid prototyping because it allows detailed shapes to be produced and modified more easily during the design process [(PrusaPLA)]. For this reason, this option can be useful for checking the modular shape, assembly process, Smartlogger attachment, and packaging concept before producing a cement-based prototype.+A fully 3D-printed model can represent the geometry of the Reef Block, Smartlogger, and Smartlogger attachment accurately. 3D printing is useful for rapid prototyping because it allows detailed shapes to be produced and modified more easily during the design process [(PrusaPLA)]. For this reason, this option can be useful for checking the modular shape, assembly process, Smartlogger attachment, and packaging concept before producing a cement-based prototype.
  
-However, this option means that the Reef Module itself is made from 3D-printed plastic rather than cement or concrete. Because of this, the material properties are different from the final concrete-based product. A fully 3D-printed plastic model cannot represent the real weight, concrete surface texture, porosity, or marine durability of the final Reef Module. Therefore, it is useful for geometry and assembly validation, but not for checking realistic handling, seabed stability, or material behavior.+However, this option means that the Reef Block itself is made from 3D-printed plastic rather than cement or concrete. Because of this, the material properties are different from the final concrete-based product. A fully 3D-printed plastic model cannot represent the real weight, concrete surface texture, porosity, or marine durability of the final Reef Block. Therefore, it is useful for geometry and assembly validation, but not for checking realistic handling, seabed stability, or material behavior.
  
-In the selected prototype approach, 3D printing is used mainly to produce the PLA mold for cement casting, rather than to make the final Reef Module prototype itself. Additional 3D-printed parts may still be used for small details or Smartlogger attachment features that require accurate geometry.+In the selected prototype approach, 3D printing is used mainly to produce the PLA mold for cement casting, rather than to make the final Reef Block prototype itself. Additional 3D-printed parts may still be used for small details or Smartlogger attachment features that require accurate geometry.
  
 * **Pros:** Accurate geometry, easy to modify, fast to produce, suitable for assembly checks, Smartlogger attachment tests, packaging checks, and presentation. * **Pros:** Accurate geometry, easy to modify, fast to produce, suitable for assembly checks, Smartlogger attachment tests, packaging checks, and presentation.
-* **Cons:** Different from the final material, does not represent real module weight, concrete surface texture, porosity, or marine durability, and is not suitable for material durability or seabed stability testing.+* **Cons:** Different from the final material, does not represent real Reef Block weight, concrete surface texture, porosity, or marine durability, and is not suitable for material durability or seabed stability testing.
  
  
  
-=== 2.5.2 Sensor placements ===+=== 2.5.2 Sensor Placements ===
  
 Designing a successful marine habitat involves a delicate technical paradox. On one hand, the project’s primary objective is to encourage biological colonization and the growth of marine life; on the other, the integrated sensors require direct, unobstructed contact with seawater to maintain accuracy. This necessity creates a significant challenge, as the very "bio-friendly" environment the team aims to foster can lead to marine biofouling on sensitive equipment, which critically compromises data reliability and sensor sensitivity [(SAHOO2025)]. Designing a successful marine habitat involves a delicate technical paradox. On one hand, the project’s primary objective is to encourage biological colonization and the growth of marine life; on the other, the integrated sensors require direct, unobstructed contact with seawater to maintain accuracy. This necessity creates a significant challenge, as the very "bio-friendly" environment the team aims to foster can lead to marine biofouling on sensitive equipment, which critically compromises data reliability and sensor sensitivity [(SAHOO2025)].
  
-To resolve this conflict, the strategy focuses on three integrated design pillars. First, a careful selection of housing materials must be made to support structural durability while protecting the internal components. Second, evaluating specialized anti-fouling coatings that can prevent accumulation on sensor windows without leaching harmful chemicals into the surrounding habitat. Finally, the spatial distribution of the sensors must be strategically planned to allow for clear measurements while minimizing their exposure to rapid biological growth. This balanced approach ensures that the ecological goals do not come at the expense of long-term monitoring precision.+To resolve this conflict, the strategy focuses on three integrated design pillars. First, a careful selection of housing materials must be made to support structural durability while protecting the internal components. Second, specialized antifouling coatings should be evaluated to prevent accumulation on sensor windows without leaching harmful chemicals into the surrounding habitat. Finally, the spatial distribution of the sensors must be strategically planned to allow for clear measurements while minimizing their exposure to rapid biological growth. This balanced approach ensures that the ecological goals do not come at the expense of long-term monitoring precision.
  
 When positioning sensors, it is important to consider factors that may influence measurement accuracy, such as turbulence and disturbed flow conditions. Careful placement can significantly improve the reliability and consistency of the collected data. When positioning sensors, it is important to consider factors that may influence measurement accuracy, such as turbulence and disturbed flow conditions. Careful placement can significantly improve the reliability and consistency of the collected data.
-The Smartbox, which contains the sensors, is mounted at the top of the supporting structure to reduce the risk of interaction with seabed sediment. However, the sensors themselves should not be placed at the very top surface, as this location is more prone to biofouling, sediment accumulation, and coverage by marine organisms, which can degrade sensor performance over time.+ 
 +The Smartlogger, which contains the sensors, is mounted at the top of the Smartlogger attachment to reduce the risk of interaction with seabed sediment. However, the sensors themselves should not be placed at the very top surface, as this location is more prone to biofouling, sediment accumulation, and coverage by marine organisms, which can degrade sensor performance over time.
  
 Instead, the sensors are preferably mounted on a side surface where there is sufficient and consistent water flow. Positioning them slightly above the seabed further reduces the risk of sand and sediment deposition, ensuring more stable and accurate measurements. This placement also allows the surrounding water to circulate more freely around the sensors, which is particularly important for measurements such as conductivity, where undisturbed water flow is essential for obtaining reliable data. Instead, the sensors are preferably mounted on a side surface where there is sufficient and consistent water flow. Positioning them slightly above the seabed further reduces the risk of sand and sediment deposition, ensuring more stable and accurate measurements. This placement also allows the surrounding water to circulate more freely around the sensors, which is particularly important for measurements such as conductivity, where undisturbed water flow is essential for obtaining reliable data.
-In addition, the Smartbox is positioned to be as accessible as possible to facilitate maintenance operations, such as sensor cleaning, battery replacement, and data retrieval. 
  
 +In addition, the Smartlogger is positioned to be as accessible as possible to facilitate maintenance operations, such as sensor cleaning, battery replacement, and data retrieval.
  
 == 2.5.2.1 Materials for Housing == == 2.5.2.1 Materials for Housing ==
  
-The housing material must protect the internal electronics from high pressure and corrosion while maintaining long-term durability in seawater environments.+The Smartlogger housing material must protect the internal electronics from high pressure and corrosion while maintaining long-term durability in seawater environments.
  
-**Titanium alloy (TC4)** or **316 L stainless steel** are recommended for pressure resistance and durability [(SAHOO2025)]. For more than 200 m depth, **Titanium** is preferred for long-term corrosion resistance [(evologics)].+**Titanium alloy (TC4)** or **316 L stainless steel** are recommended for pressure resistance and durability [(SAHOO2025)]. For deeper or long-term deployments, titanium can be considered because it is described as a corrosion-resistant housing material suitable for long-term deployment in harsh environments, with a depth rating up to 6000 m [(EvoLogicsS2CR)].
  
 == 2.5.2.2 Antifouling Coatings == == 2.5.2.2 Antifouling Coatings ==
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 Even with durable housing materials, marine organisms may attach to exposed surfaces over time. For this reason, antifouling coatings are considered to reduce biological growth on sensors and maintain measurement accuracy. Even with durable housing materials, marine organisms may attach to exposed surfaces over time. For this reason, antifouling coatings are considered to reduce biological growth on sensors and maintain measurement accuracy.
  
-  *   **Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS):** A non-toxic, "fouling-release" coating that reduces the adhesion of algae and barnacles [(SAHOO2025)]. +* **Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS):** A non-toxic, "fouling-release" coating that reduces the adhesion of algae and barnacles [(SAHOO2025)]. 
-  *   **Camptothecin (CPT)-based Paint:** A natural compound that has shown virtually no macrofouling after nine months of immersion [(SAHOO2025)]. +* **Camptothecin (CPT)-based Paint:** A natural compound that has shown virtually no macrofouling after nine months of immersion [(SAHOO2025)]. 
-  *   **Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS ):** These provide exceptional resistance to organism attachment even in stagnant water [(SAHOO2025)].+* **Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS):** These provide exceptional resistance to organism attachment even in stagnant water [(SAHOO2025)].
  
  
  
  
- +=== 2.5.3 Biologic and Geographical analysis ===
- +
-=== 2.5.3 Biologic and geographical analysis ===+
  
 **Fish structure** **Fish structure**
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 ==== 2.6 Summary ==== ==== 2.6 Summary ====
-Chapter 2 gives an overview of existing artificial reef concepts, relevant companies, material choices, sensor challenges, and biological and geographical factors. It shows that Maris Habitats differs from many existing solutions by combining modular reef blocks with a removable smartlogger for long-term local data logging. The chapter also highlights that successful reef design depends on durable marine materials, structural complexity, suitable sensor placement, and careful site selection.+ 
 +Chapter 2 gives an overview of existing artificial reef concepts, relevant companies, material choices, sensor challenges, and biological and geographical factors. It shows that Maris Habitats differs from many existing solutions by combining modular Reef Blocks with a removable Smart Module for long-term local data logging. The chapter also highlights that successful reef design depends on durable marine materials, structural complexity, suitable sensor placement, and careful site selection.