@article{MODEL1,
title = {},
journal = {},
volume = {},
issue = {},
pages = {},
year = {},
issn = {},
doi = {},
url = {},
author = {},
keywords = {},
abstract = {} }
@article{ALYAARI2026,
title = {Innovative development of self-healing high-strength concrete using a polymeric air-entraining agent and Bacillus sphaericus: durability performance in aggressive saline environments},
journal = {Reviews on Advanced Materials Science},
volume = {37},
issue = {1},
pages = {na},
year = {2026},
issn = {na},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2025-0211},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2025-0211},
author = {Mohammed Al-Yaari, Muhd Afiq Hizami Abdullah, Mugahed Amran, Nurul Ain Harmiza Abdullah, Ibrahim Dubdub, Ammar Fayez Al-Shayeb},
keywords = {polymeric air-entraining agents, Bacillus sphaericus, durability, self-healing high-strength concrete},
abstract = {The advancement of self-healing concrete represents a transformative step toward sustainable infrastructure, yet the integration of microbial agents with engineered admixtures under marine conditions remains underexplored. This study investigated the synergistic effects of Bacillus sphaericus and polymeric air-entraining agents (AEAs) on the self-healing performance and durability of high-strength concrete (HSC) exposed to saline environments. Two strains of B. sphaericus (UPMB-10 and ATCC 14577) were evaluated for viability, sporulation, and mineralization potential under varying salinity levels, with ATCC 14577 selected for its superior resistance and CaCO3 yield. Freeze-dried spores enriched with calcium lactate and urea were incorporated into HSC mixes containing different AEA dosages (2–6%), enabling microbial survival within air-void niches. Concrete specimens were subjected to cyclic curing in both tap water and artificial seawater to simulate fluctuating marine exposure. Healing efficiencies reached up to 71 % in tap water, while seawater immersion produced complete crack closure by 28 days and up to 96 % recovery in water tightness by 56 days. X-ray diffraction revealed mineralogical adaptation in seawater, with polymorphic phases such as aragonite and diopside forming alongside calcite, driven by the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. These diverse precipitates contributed to enhanced crack sealing compared to the predominantly calcitic deposits in tap water. The findings demonstrate that moderate polymeric AEA dosages preserve structural-grade strength (>100 MPa) while supporting microbial viability and self-healing activity. By linking bacterial metabolism with saline-induced mineral diversity, this study introduces an integrative microbial-admixture framework for designing next-generation self-healing HSC tailored for marine infrastructures. The synergy between optimized bacterial strains and controlled air-void incorporation (by suitable polymeric AEAs) offers a durable, autonomous repair mechanism capable of withstanding aggressive coastal environments.} }
@article{BAHAOUI2025,
title = {Effect of Manufacturing Processes on Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Marine Applications},
journal = {Journal of Composites Science},
volume = {9},
issue = {5},
pages = {233},
year = {2025},
issn = {2504-477X},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050233},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/5/233},
author = {Jalal El Bahaoui, Issam Hanafi, Mohamed Chairi, Federica Favaloro, Chiara Borsellino, Guido Di Bella},
keywords = {composites, basalt, sustainability, shipbuilding, manufacturing},
abstract = {This study investigates the mechanical performance of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) laminates as a suitable alternative to conventional glass fiber-reinforced composites for marine applications. The laminates were produced by varying the main process parameters: the fiber type was either glass or basalt; the resin material was either polyester or vinylester; the fiber orientation in selected layers was set to either 0°/90°, or to ±45° by rotating the woven fabrics during lay-up, and finally the manufacturing technique was either hand lay-up or vacuum infusion. Three-point flexural tests with different spans were conducted to evaluate the flexural behavior and fracture mechanisms. The best-performing configuration, based on glass fibers and vacuum infusion, achieved a maximum flexural strength of about 500 MPa, while basalt-based laminates reached values of up to 400 MPa. Basalt laminates exhibited the highest flexural modulus, with values exceeding 24 GPa. An increase in span length from 120 mm to 220 mm resulted in a reduction in flexural strength of approximately 6–18% depending on the laminate configuration, highlighting the influence of loading conditions on mechanical behavior. The effect of the manufacturing processes was also evaluated using an analysis of variance. This showed that fiber type, manufacturing method, and span significantly influenced the mechanical performance.} }
@article{CHAMELIA2020,
title = {Development and Conservation Coral Reef with Biorock Technology System in Situbondo},
journal = {Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember},
volume = {na},
issue = {na},
pages = {131-135},
year = {2020},
isbn = {978-989-758-455-8},
doi = {10.5220/0008376201320136},
url = {https://www.scitepress.org/Papers/2018/83762/83762.pdf},
author = {Dirta Marina Chamelia, Suntoyo, Silvianita},
keywords = {Coral Reef, Conservation, Biorock Technology},
abstract = {Coral reef condition in Indonesia has degrade into some condition of damage environmental in several areas. In order to prevent this into worsening state, effort must be done to keep our coral environment healthy. Coral planting is one of this effort. The artificial coral also can be functioned as breakwater in shallow water and also reduce beach erosion. One of the many technics in coral transplantation is biorock technology. Regular monitoring of the transplanted coral must be done regularly for years to ensure the development is according our plan. Biorock technology is a development of electro mineral in the sea, as well as called mineral accretion technology. Biorock works by electrolyze sea water. Occurred by located two electrodes in the sea and inject low voltage electric current. Coral reef transplantation program must consider ecological aspect as the program run. The purpose of this research is to develop biorock technology and improving biorock efficiency. Identification of the ecosystem in Batu Lawang to determine correct procedure and technics for biorock application.. With healthy coral and sea environment, local community will have indirect benefit by increasing of maritime tourism.} }
@article{DAAROL2026,
title = {Recycled Glass as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregates in Concrete for Marine Structure Application},
journal = {E3S Web of Conferences},
volume = {694},
issue = {ICGEST 2025},
pages = {01002},
year = {2026},
issn = {2267-1242},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202669401002},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202669401002},
author = {Michelle Daarol, Cyril Jane Fullido, Earl Jhon Lazaga, Kyla Marie Ayodoc},
keywords = {Recycled Glass, Fine Aggregates, Marine Structure, Durability},
abstract = {The rapid rise in the generation of waste and the increased quantities of waste glass have created several environmental hazards. For effective remediation of the waste generated on a large scale, the prospects of using waste glasses within concrete have been explored. In marine environments, there is a high probability that concrete structures would degenerate. In concrete structures subjected to marine environments, the attack by sulfate and chloride ions causes degradation. To find effective alternatives for concrete components within marine environments, the feasibility of using recycled glasses has been explored. The feasibility and suitability of using waste glasses that have been recycled have been explored to replace the aggregate materials. Four different concrete mixes containing varying percentages of waste glasses that have been crushed have been investigated. The concrete specimens have been subjected to a marine environment for a period of 28 days. In the concrete specimens subjected to marine environments, the tidal wet-dry cycles lead to structural degradation by inducing internal microcracks due to salt crystallization. The main concerns of this study is the assessment for the chemical resistance based on the changes of mass and water absorption and to evaluate the compressive strength. From the experimental findings, it was evident that the increase in the amount of recycled glass resulted in the reduction of the compressive strength of the resulting concrete. On the other hand, the water absorption was found to be reduced with a steady rise in the rate of chemical resistance along with the increase of the recycled glass replacement. From the findings, it was evident that when the proportion of recycled glass was between 20 and 50 wt.%, there were substantial changes with regards to the performance of the resulting concrete. However, with the addition of recycled glass to the mixture, the strength was reduced; nonetheless, the durability was heightened, indicating that there was a balance of durability and strength at 30 wt%. This study illustrates the benefits to the environment with the utilization of recycled glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates in the concrete exposed in the marine environment.} }
@article{FIORE2015,
title = {A review on basalt fibre and its composites},
journal = {Composites Part B: Engineering},
volume = {74}, issue = {na},
pages = {74-94},
year = {2015},
issn = {1359-8368},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.12.034},
url = {https://www.elsevier.com/locate/compositesb},
author = {V. Fiore, T. Scalici, G. Di Bella, A. Valenza},
keywords = {Basalt fibre, Composites, Mechanical properties, Chemical durability},
abstract = {In recent years, both industrial and academic world are focussing their attention toward the development of sustainable composites, reinforced with natural fibres. In particular, among the natural fibres (i.e. animal, vegetable or mineral) that can be used as reinforcement, the basalt ones represent the most interesting for their properties. The aim of this review is to illustrate the results of research on this topical subject. In the introduction, mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of basalt fibre have been reviewed. Moreover, its main manufacturing technologies have been described. Then, the effect of using this mineral fibre as reinforcement of different matrices as polymer (both thermoplastic and thermoset), metal and concrete has been presented. Furthermore, an overview on the application of this fibre in biodegradable matrix composites and in hybrid composites has been provided. Finally, the studies on the industrial applications of basalt fibre reinforced composites have been reviewed.} }
@MISC{Eternal Reef,
author = "{Eternal Reef}",
title = "{About Reef Balls}",
url = "{https://www.eternalreefs.com/the-eternal-reefs-story/about-reef-balls/}",
urldate = "{??}",
year = "{2020}",
address = "{[Accessed in March 2026]}",
}
@MISC{Reef Innovations,
author = "{Reef Innovations}",
title = "{Reef Balls}",
url = "{https://reefinnovations.com/products-specs/reef-balls/}",
urldate = "{??}",
year = "{2025}",
address = "{[Accessed in March 2026]}",
}
@MISC{BioRocks,
author = "{BioRocks}",
title = "{BioRocks}",
url = "{https://biorocks.org/}",
urldate = "{??}",
year = "{2026}",
address = "{[Accessed in March 2026]}",
}
@MISC{SEAFOOD_MARKET,
author = "{BioRocks}",
title = "{Seafood Market Size, Share, and Industry Analysis, By Type (Fish, Crustaceans, Molluscs, and Others), By Form [Fresh and Processed (Canned, Chilled, and Frozen)], By Distribution Channel [B2C (Supermarkets/Hypermarkets, Convenience Stores & Specialty Stores, Online Sales Channel, and Others) and B2B], and Regional Forecast, 2026-2034}",
url = "{https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/seafood-market-101469}",
urldate = "{??}",
year = "{2026}",
address = "{[Accessed in March 2026]}",
}
@article{HOOPER2012,
title = {A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {486},
issue = {na},
pages = {105-108},
year = {2012},
issn = {na},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11118},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11118},
author = {David U. Hooper, E. Carol Adair, Bradley J. Cardinale, Jarrett E. K. Byrnes, Bruce A. Hungate, Kristin L. Matulich, Andrew Gonzalez, J. Emmett Duffy, Lars Gamfeldt & Mary I. O’Connor },
keywords = {na},
abstract = {Evidence is mounting that extinctions are altering key processes important to the productivity and sustainability of Earth’s ecosystems. Further species loss will accelerate change in ecosystem processes, but it is unclear how these effects compare to the direct effects of other forms of environmental change that are both driving diversity loss and altering ecosystem function. Here we use a suite of meta-analyses of published data to show that the effects of species loss on productivity and decomposition—two processes important in all ecosystems—are of comparable magnitude to the effects of many other global environmental changes. In experiments, intermediate levels of species loss (21–40%) reduced plant production by 5–10%, comparable to previously documented effects of ultraviolet radiation and climate warming. Higher levels of extinction (41–60%) had effects rivalling those of ozone, acidification, elevated CO2 and nutrient pollution. At intermediate levels, species loss generally had equal or greater effects on decomposition than did elevated CO2 and nitrogen addition. The identity of species lost also had a large effect on changes in productivity and decomposition, generating a wide range of plausible outcomes for extinction. Despite the need for more studies on interactive effects of diversity loss and environmental changes, our analyses clearly show that the ecosystem consequences of local species loss are as quantitatively significant as the direct effects of several global change stressors that have mobilized major international concern and remediation efforts.} }
@article{WORLD2024,
title = {The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 - Blue Transformation in action. Rome.},
journal = {Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations.},
volume = {},
issue = {},
pages = {},
year = {2024},
issn = {978-92-5-138763-4},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.4060/cd0683en},
url = {https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd0683en},
author = {FAO},
keywords = {fishery production, aquaculture production, fishery resources, fish trade, sustainable fisheries, sustainable aquaculture, fishery management, value chains, climate change adaptation, healthy diets, biodiversity, agreements},
abstract = {The 2024 edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture features the Blue Transformation in action, illustrated by activities and initiatives, led by FAO in collaboration with Members, partners and key stakeholders, to integrate aquatic foods into global food security and sustainability, enhance policy advocacy, scientific research and capacity building, disseminate sustainable practices and technological innovations, and support community involvement. Part 1 of this edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture benefits from significant improvements in data collection, analytical and assessment tools and methodologies to present the most up-to-date review of world fisheries and aquaculture production and utilization. Part 2 highlights the role of FAO and its partners to catalyse the transformational changes required to support aquaculture expansion and intensification, effective management of global fisheries and upgrading of aquatic value chains. Part 3 covers the high-impact challenges and opportunities of the untapped potential of utilizing whole fish and by-products to improve food security and nutrition, expounds on the role of aquatic food systems in providing critical climate, biodiversity and environmentally sound solutions, and highlights the importance of their integration into national and multilateral processes. It also presents an outlook on future trends up to 2032 based on projections. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 provides the most up-to-date and evidence-based information, supporting policy, scientific and technical insights on challenges, opportunities and innovations shaping the present and future of the sector, for the benefit of a wide and expanding audience of policymakers, managers, scientists, fishers, farmers, traders, civil society activists and consumers.} }
@article{COSNTANZA2014,
title = {Changes in the global value of ecosystem services},
journal = {Global Environmental Change},
volume = {26},
issue = {na},
pages = {152-158},
year = {2014},
issn = {na},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002},
url ={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378014000685?via%3Dihub},
author = {Robert Costanza, Rudolf de Groot, Paul Sutton, Sander van der Ploeg, Sharolyn J. Anderson, Ida Kubiszewski, Stephen Farber, R. Kerry Turner},
keywords = {Ecosystem services, Global value, Monetary units, Natural capital},
abstract = {In 1997, the global value of ecosystem services was estimated to average $33 trillion/yr in 1995 $US ($46 trillion/yr in 2007 $US). In this paper, we provide an updated estimate based on updated unit ecosystem service values and land use change estimates between 1997 and 2011. We also address some of the critiques of the 1997 paper. Using the same methods as in the 1997 paper but with updated data, the estimate for the total global ecosystem services in 2011 is $125 trillion/yr (assuming updated unit values and changes to biome areas) and $145 trillion/yr (assuming only unit values changed), both in 2007 $US. From this we estimated the loss of eco-services from 1997 to 2011 due to land use change at $4.3–20.2 trillion/yr, depending on which unit values are used. Global estimates expressed in monetary accounting units, such as this, are useful to highlight the magnitude of eco-services, but have no specific decision-making context. However, the underlying data and models can be applied at multiple scales to assess changes resulting from various scenarios and policies. We emphasize that valuation of ecoservices (in whatever units) is not the same as commodification or privatization. Many eco-services are best considered public goods or common pool resources, so conventional markets are often not the best
institutional frameworks to manage them. However, these services must be (and are being) valued, and we need new, common asset institutions to better take these values into account.} }
@article{DEUTZ2020,
title = {Financing Nature: Closing the Global Biodiversity Financing Gap},
journal = {Paulson Institute},
volume = {na},
issue = {na},
pages = {na},
year = {2020},
issn = {},
doi = {},
url = {https://www.paulsoninstitute.org/conservation/financing-nature-report/},
author = {Andrew Deutza, Geoffrey M. Healb, Rose Niuc, Eric Swansonc, Terry Townshendc, Zhu Lic, Alejandro Delmard, Alqayam Meghjid, Suresh A., Sethid, and John Tobin-de la Puente},
keywords = {na},
abstract = {na} }
@article{PROBLUE2022,
title = {HEALTHY OCEANS • HEALTHY ECONOMIES • HEALTHY COMMUNITIES, 2022 ANNUAL REPORT},
journal = {PROBLUE by THE WORLD BANK},
volume = {},
issue = {},
pages = {},
year = {},
issn = {},
doi = {},
url = {},
author = {},
keywords = {},
abstract = {} }
@article{BECK2018,
title = {The global flood protection savings provided by coral reefs},
journal = {Nature Communications},
volume = {9},
issue = {2186},
pages = {},
year = {218},
issn = {},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04568-z},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04568-z#citeas},
author = {Beck, M.W., Losada, I.J., Menéndez, P. et al.},
keywords = {na},
abstract = {Coral reefs can provide significant coastal protection benefits to people and property. Here
we show that the annual expected damages from flooding would double, and costs from
frequent storms would triple without reefs. For 100-year storm events, flood damages would
increase by 91% to $US 272 billion without reefs. The countries with the most to gain from
reef management are Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Mexico, and Cuba; annual expected
flood savings exceed $400 M for each of these nations. Sea-level rise will increase flood risk,
but substantial impacts could happen from reef loss alone without better near-term
management. We provide a global, process-based valuation of an ecosystem service across
an entire marine biome at (sub)national levels. These spatially explicit benefits inform critical
risk and environmental management decisions, and the expected benefits can be directly
considered by governments (e.g., national accounts, recovery plans) and businesses
(e.g., insurance)} }
@article{TNFD2023,
title = {Recommendations of the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures.},
journal = {Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD)},
volume = {},
issue = {},
pages = {},
year = {2023},
issn = {},
doi = {},
url = {},
author = {},
keywords = {},
abstract = {} }
--------------------------
@article{LAI2026,
title = {Prediction of Impact Resistance of Nano-SiO2 and Hybrid Fiber Modified Geopolymer Gel Concrete in Marine Wet–Thermal and Chloride Salt Environment}, journal = {MDPI Materials},
volume = {na},
issue = {na},
pages = {na},
year = {2026},
issn = {na},
doi = {na},
url = {na},
author = {Canhua Lai, Peng Zhang, Xiaobing Dai, Yuanxun Zheng},
keywords = {Geopolymer concrete, Nano-SiO2, Marine environment, Durability},
abstract = {This research focuses on Geopolymer Gel Concrete modified with nano-silica and hybrid fibers for use in harsh saline environments. Geopolymer concrete, which uses materials like fly ash and metakaolin, offers a lower carbon footprint than Portland cement. The study evaluates its superior resistance to chloride salt erosion and impact resistance under wet-thermal conditions typical of marine settings.} }
@article{MUNANDAR2018,
title = {The escalation of coral growth by biorock technology applied in Sabang marine ecotourism},
journal = {AACL Bioflux},
volume = {11},
issue = {5},
pages = {1633-1644},
year = {2018},
issn = {na},
doi = {na},
url = {http://www.bioflux.com.ro/aacl},
author = {Munandar, Mahendra, Muhammad Rizal, Chair Rani, Ahmad Faizal},
keywords = {mineral, growth, biorock, coral restoration},
abstract = {Field experiments at 3m and 8m depths showed that Biorock technology, using low-voltage DC current (6V), significantly accelerates biological growth. The study recorded a growth ratio of 4:1 compared to control structures. The electrical stimulation also increased the survival rates of transplanted organisms to over 75% in challenging marine conditions.} }
@article{PRAJEESHA2026,
title = {Study of Bacterial Concrete Corrosion Resistance in Marine Environment},
journal = {SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering},
volume = {13},
issue = {1},
pages = {149-165},
year = {2026},
issn = {2348-8352},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V13I1P113},
url = {https://www.internationaljournalssrg.org/IJCE/paper-details?Id=949},
author = {Prajeesha M.P, S. Packialakshmi},
keywords = {Durability, Marine environments, Self-healing concrete, SEM, RHA},
abstract = { Concrete is a major building material. This study looked at Bacterial Concrete (BC), which is created by mixing
a bacterial solution with a cell concentration of 10⁷ CFU/ml. This amount is equivalent to 8% of the cement weight and helps
to improve the performance in marine environments. Adding bacterial culture significantly enhanced the concrete’s
mechanical properties, durability, and self-healing ability. As a result, it showed better compressive strength than regular
concrete. The major aim of this study is to see how the bacterial concrete could reduce the harmful effects of environmental
stressors on marine structures. It also evaluated the economic feasibility and sustainability of Bacterial Concrete before use.
During testing, Bacterial concrete beams were soaked in seawater for 365 days and showed no rebar corrosion, which is a
common problem in normal concrete. Durability tests included water absorption, sorptivity, bulk diffusion, and sulphate
resistance. Rice husk ash is utilized for the purpose of strengthening the M40-grade concrete, while adding 5 to 10 percent
corn starch improved flowability and the setting time without losing strength. Furthermore, 0.5 percent silica fume is
included to boost strength and durability. The study wraps up by discussing sustainability challenges and offering insights
to promote the use of bacterial concrete in strong and lasting marine applications.} }
@article{QU2021,
title = {{Durability deterioration of concrete under marine environment from material to structure: A critical review}},
journal = {Journal of Building Engineering},
volume = {35},
issue = {na},
pages = {102074},
year = {2021},
issn = {2352-7102},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102074},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102074},
author = {Fulin Qu, Wengui Li, Wenkui Dong, Vivian W.Y. Tam, Tao Yu},
keywords = {Marine environment, Concrete durability, Chloride ingress, Geopolymer concrete},
abstract = {A critical review evaluating the degradation of concrete from the material to the structural level in marine settings. It covers the mechanisms of chloride and sulfate attack and explores protective measures including surface coatings, electrochemical protection, and the potential of geopolymer concrete as a sustainable, clinker-free alternative for offshore construction.}
}
@article{SAHOO2025,
title = {Antibiofouling Coatings For Marine Sensors: Progress and Perspectives on Materials, Methods, Impacts, and Field Trial Studies},
journal = {ACS Sensors},
volume = {10},
issue = {na},
pages = {1600-1619},
year = {2025},
issn = {na},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.4c02670},
url = {pubs.acs.org/acssensors},
author = {Bichitra Nanda Sahoo, Peter James Thomas, Paul Thomas, Martin Møller Greve},
keywords = {oceanographic sensors, antibiofouling strategies, marine sustainability, fouling release coatings},
abstract = {Biofouling on marine sensors can cause measurement malfunctions within a week. This review presents innovative strategies to protect sensors, including polymeric coatings (PDMS), biocide-free 'eco-friendly' solutions, and Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS). It also evaluates housing materials, noting that TC4 titanium alloy is superior for long-term corrosion resistance in sensor deployments.} }
@article{SELLA2015,
title = {Blue is the new green – Ecological enhancement of concrete based coastal and marine infrastructure},
journal = {Ecological Engineering},
volume = {84},
issue = {na},
pages = {260-272},
year = {2015},
issn = {0925-8574},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.09.016},
url = {www.elsevier.com/locate/ecoleng},
author = {Ido Sella, Shimrit Perkol-Finkel},
keywords = {Ecological enhancement, concrete infrastructure, ecosystem engineers, bioprotection},
abstract = {This study introduces ECOncrete, a proprietary concrete mix designed for marine infrastructure. It features a lower surface pH (9–10.5) compared to standard Portland cement (12.5–13.5) and a complex surface texture. These modifications promote the growth of 'ecosystem engineers' like oysters and serpulid worms, which provide bioprotection—a calcified layer that increases the structure's stability and longevity.} }
@article{Knoester2024,
title = {Concrete evidence: outplanted corals for reef restoration do not need extended curing of ordinary Portland cement},
journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
year = {2024},
volume = {11},
number = {10},
pages = {1-7},
doi = {10.1098/rsos.241064},
url = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11614532/
author = {E. G. Knoester1,2, A. Vos1,2, C. Saru2, A. J. Murk1 and R.Osinga},
keywords = {Acropora, artificial reefs, coral gardening, curing concrete, macroalgae, pH},
abstract = {Artificial reefs for coral reef restoration are often concrete-based. After concrete is poured, it initially has a high surface pH (approx. 13), which neutralizes within several weeks. During this curing, colonization by marine microalgae is delayed and also macrobenthos such as corals may be impacted. In this study, we evaluated how concrete curing time applied prior to the deployment of artificial reefs affected coral performance. Fragments of five coral species were outplanted onto ordinary Portland concrete discs (n = 10) that had been cured on land. Seven different curing periods were applied, ranging from one day up to four months. The discs with corals were deployed at a Kenyan reef and photographed at the start and end of the experiment. After 1 year, coral cover had increased for four coral species and declined for one, but this was unrelated to concrete curing time. Also, no effect of curing time was seen on the development of other common benthic organisms such as macroalgae or soft corals. We conclude that curing of concrete is unlikely to have any long-term negative impacts on coral performance and therefore, extended curing of artificial reefs prior to coral attachment is unlikely to benefit reef restoration efforts.} }
@misc{NewHeaven2016,
author = {{New Heaven}},
title = {Artificial Reefs: What works and what doesn’t},
year = {2016},
howpublished = {\url{https://newheavenreefconservation.org/marine-blog/147-artificial-reefs-what-works-and-what-doesn-t}},
note = {Accessed: 2026-03-19}
}
@article{Graham2013,
author = {Graham, Nicholas A. J. and Nash, Kirsty L.},
title = {The importance of structural complexity in coral reef ecosystems},
journal = {Coral Reefs},
year = {2013},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {315--326},
doi = {10.1007/s00338-012-0984-y},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-012-0984-y}
}
@article{Mariu2023,
author = {Mariu, A. and Chatha, A. M. M. and Naz, S. and Khan, M. F. and Safdar, W. and Ashraf, I.},
title = {Effect of Temperature, pH, Salinity and Dissolved Oxygen on Fishes},
journal = {Journal of Zoology and Systematics},
year = {2023},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {1--12},
doi = {10.56946/jzs.v1i2.198},
url = {https://doi.org/10.56946/jzs.v1i2.198}
}
@misc{PHAROS2024,
author = {{PHAROS Project}},
title = {Artificial Reefs},
year = {2024},
url = {https://pharosproject.eu/blog/artificial-reefs/},
note = {Accessed: 2026-03-19}
}
@misc{OsborneReef2024,
author = {{Florida Department of Environmental Protection}},
title = {Osborne Reef Waste Tire Removal Project},
year = {2024},
url = {https://floridadep.gov/waste/permitting-compliance-assistance/content/osborne-reef-waste-tire-removal-project},
note = {Accessed: 2026-03-23}
}
@misc{Reef Design Lab,
author = {{Reef Design Lab}},
title = {Reef Design Lab},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.reefdesignlab.com/},
note = {Accessed: 2026-03-23}
}
@misc{SECORE,
author = {{SECORE}},
title = {SECORE uses in vitro fertilization for coral reef conservation},
year = {2026},
url = {https://www.autodesk.com/design-make/articles/secore},
note = {Accessed: 2026-03-23}
}
@misc{rrreefs,
author = {{rrreefs}},
title = {the rrreef system},
year = {2026},
url = {https://www.rrreefs.com/},
note = {Accessed: 2026-03-23}
}
@misc{Living seawalls,
author = {{Sydney Institute of Marine Science}},
title = {Building with Nature
Science based Design},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.livingseawalls.com.au/},
note = {Accessed: 2026-03-23}
}
@article{Artificial reef preparation,
author = {{Hao-Tian Li, Ya-Jun Wang, Jian-Bao Zhang, Peng Yu, Yi-Tong Wang, Jun-Guo Li, Shu-Hao Zhang, Zi-Han Tang and Jie Yang}},
title = {Research Progress and the Prospect of Artificial Reef Preparation and Its Impact on the Marine Ecological Environment},
year = {2026},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/19/3/447},
note = {Accessed: 2026-03-25}
}
@misc{IP68,
author = {{Polycase}},
title = {IP68 Waterproof Rating},
year = {2020},
url = {https://www.polycase.com/techtalk/ip-rated-enclosures/ip68-waterproof-rating.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com},
note = {Accessed: 2026-03-26}
}
@misc {MEITEC,
title = {{MEITEC}},
url = {http://meitec.co.kr/},
note = {Accessed: 2026-03-26}
}
@misc {ECOncrete,
title = {{ECOncrete}},
url = {https://econcretetech.com/projects/},
note = {Accessed: 2026-03-26}
}
@misc {IntelliReefs,
title = {{IntelliReefs}},
url = {https://www.reeflifefoundation.org/post/intellireefs-is-not-concrete},
note = {Accessed: 2026-03-26}
}
@misc{ellenmacarthur_butterfly_diagram,
author = {{Ellen MacArthur Foundation}},
title = {The Circular Economy System Diagram (Butterfly Diagram)},
year = {2021},
url = {https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy-diagram},
note = {Accessed: 2026-03-26}
}